Managers and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Chiefs and Communication - Essay Example The examination has investigated the nature and capacity of correspondence. What's more, the strategies for relational correspondence have been recognized in particular; individual and relational specialized techniques. Obstructions to viable relational correspondence and methods of conquering those hindrances have been talked about. Furthermore, the manners by which correspondence stream from to bring down degrees of the executives has been advanced. Moreover, the effect of innovation in correspondence has been talked about. The examination systems utilized in this examination incorporate Survey inquire about structure in light of the fact that viable the whole populace under scrutiny. Also, polls were used to gather information. Polls were guided and later appropriated to 21 directors. Quantitative information was investigated factually utilizing pie outlines as showed. The discoveries were gotten and proposals were made. Chiefs and Communication involve the joining of correspondence by supervisors to guarantee that there are consistent activities inside an association. Supervisors use correspondence to guarantee legitimate coordination between the representatives, providers, clients and all partners inside and outside the association. Administrators use correspondence to settle on choices and take care of hierarchical issues. Through correspondence, directors can be in a situation to coordinate employee’s aptitudes and endeavors towards accomplishing authoritative objectives and objectives. Further correspondence help to tackle issues that influence workers, this may assist with forestalling the greater development of more concerning issues that may influence the whole association activity. Furthermore, supervisors use correspondence to pass the fundamental data to the pertinent offices so as to guarantee that everything with an association is learning properly.â

Internal Factors Essay

Guardians techniques( W1+ T2)| a) SO procedure Eastern & Oriental has a decent brand name and notable item among Malaysians. Brand value is the worth and quality of the brand that chooses its value. E&O is a solid and comfortable organization with their image like inns where is give some good positive solid and particular brand relationship in the public’s memory. Eastern & Oriental Berhad ought to fortify their advancement strategy by utilizing promotion through broad communications. E&O can utilize Malaysian Tourism Sector to improve their image value. Malaysian Tourism Sector is the single direction to advance item and let individuals know their items. Populaces in Malaysia expanding everydays, it gives E&O more open doors with expanding the quantity of branches. Other than that, E&O can extend their business with make a decent connection between worker. Incredible connection with representative can rouse laborers to do extraordinary undertakings and occupations. b) ST methodology As we probably am aware nature calamity isn't under our controlled. We can't control when nature calamity can happen. Eastern & Oriental can accept this danger as a quality, where E&O may construct many station or branches as elective alternatives. So that, when calamity nature occurs, just station for that area are harmed yet at that point, there are anothers branches. E&O need to fabricate a decent connection between clients. So that, in a roundabout way, clients will help E&O elevate their items to family members, companions and others. Top administration of E&O ought to stress about connections among clients and workers. Achievement of an organization relies upon the working exclusively as well as the effectiveness of representatives in the organization. For E &O Berhad, their representatives are most important resource toward the achievement of business. Next to the motivators that as of now be given to the representative, for example, rewards, E & O impetuses for laborers who perform on their exhibitions agreement to gauges, for example, prize or rewards is one of the vital technique to inspire laborers give full responsibility in finishing their occupations. Regular of individual, individuals will in general put forth a valiant effort on the off chance that they will be remunerated. By utilizing this technique for the executives, an association could get advantage in their creation and along these lines increment the benefit. c) WO Strategy Placing a decent key can influence the recurrence number of customers’ utilization towards company’s items. This is one of the components which the organization ought to must be concern with respect to affectability of clients that is hazard evaluation. E & O can examine and do research of the ecological checking as far as the area which has vulnerability chance that it will be danger towards company’s movement execution, for example, quakes, precipitation district, high land and whatever other spots that have high chance in chance. As we probably am aware, these days individuals will in general use advances more often than not. Buying food supplies, screen kids and others exchanges with the innovation. So that, E & O must accept this dangers of advances as an open doors where it can ease E & O more. d) WT Strategy In request to stay away from rivalry in accommodation industry, E & O could utilize a parent methodology or rules to defeat those dangers. Guardians technique as a rule was an effective methodology that previously affirmed by the exhibition of guardians organization. Accordingly by utilizing guardians method, E & O just not ready to conquer the dangers but rather additionally ready to expanding organization execution toward organization objective. Proportion Analysis. Ratio| Formula| Answer| Current Ratio| Current AssetsCurrent Liabilities| E&O Berhad’s rich history and legacy, imbued by its namesake, the E&O Hotel in Penang structure the foundation for the Group’s corporate social duty (CSR) activities. This is E&O’s core value as they direct their business in a way that will empower them to contribute towards the protection of the legacy, culture and expressions inside the networks they work in. This is uncommonly important since George Town’s engraving as an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008 just as the acknowledgment of the 127-years of age E&O Hotel as a Penang legacy milestone. Show they responsibility to and faith in CSR by leading their business in a monetarily, socially and earth capable way while at the same time adjusting the interests of their various partners. Saving society, legacy and expressions During the monetary year, a noteworthy bit of the E&O Group’s constrained accessible assets were distributed towards legacy and social exercises supporting George Town as an UNESCO World Heritage Site, predictable with the Group’s solid nearness in Penang. This included supporting the month-long George Town Festival (GTF) which is composed by the Penang State Government, Municipal Council of Penang Island, George Town World Heritage Incorporated and Penang Global Tourism to recognize the city’s engraving on the UNESCO World Heritage posting. The Group’s cooperation with The Actors Studio (TAS), Malaysia’s first performing expressions gathering, to set up the Performing Arts Center of Penang (penangpac) is viewed as a positive advance in furnishing penangites and the northern locale with more prominent access to human expressions. Other progressing CSR activities incorporate commitments to oppressed networks, good cause and non-legislative associations just as encouraging the Community Recycling Center in their Seri Tanjung Pinang masterplanned seafront advancement as a major aspect of the â€Å"Green Our World† activity where continues from the offer of recyclable things were given to noble cause. The Group likewise added to the Chinese New Year Cultural and Heritage festivities that were held Penang-state wide with the interest of neighborhood affiliations and schools in the center legacy zone. Straightforwardness in the commercial center. In keeping up straightforwardness and responsibility to their partners, the Group ceaselessly gives clear, straightforward and convenient data to the commercial center through ordinary official statements, roadshows, briefings, gatherings and meetings with individuals from the media, speculation network and examiner. Investors and welcomed members like the Minority Stakeholder Watchdog Group (MSWG) are advised legitimately on the company’s execution and plans at yearly and remarkable comprehensive gatherings. Available in the open space and normally refreshed is the Group’s corporate data at www. easterandoriental.

3 Steps to Apply for a Job When You Dont Meet the Requirements

3 Steps to Apply for a Job When You Dont Meet the Requirements While job hunting, you see a vacancy that looks like a good fit for you. You get interested and take a keener look. As you read through the list of requirements, you discover that you don’t meet some of them.What do you do? Do you skip it and keep searching? Do you cross your fingers and apply hoping to at least be interviewed?Many job seekers ignore a job opportunity simply because some requirements are beyond what they have. And as a result, they remain jobless for longer than necessary.They stress themselves out trying to get more skills or further education when they could be working by now.If you fall into this category, then it’s time you reconsidered those job opportunities you aren’t fully qualified for.In case you are not aware, not all skills listed in a vacancy are usually always required. Some of them are just “bonus” requirements meant to attract the best applicant out there. You therefore do not need to overthink them.To help you out of this situation, we have created this guide which you can use to get hired for a job which you are not qualified for.There are three basic steps you should follow. These are mainly concerned with the strategic efforts you can put to make yourself more likable. Read on to find out how.1. CAN YOU DO THE JOB?There is only one valid question you should ask yourself when you come across a job opportunity. And that question is: “Can you do the job?”The hiring manager and the organization at large are only interested in filling the position with someone who can do the job and do it right. Most of everything else you see written is just an attempt to narrow down on the applicants. This helps to weed out those who cannot do the job.This is often achieved because in most cases, anyone who doesn’t apply, possibly can’t do the job. One thing that validates this statement is the amount of confidence a candidate has and expresses.To understand this, consider that it takes a lot of confidence to apply for a job w hose requirements you do not meet.Here is some good news for you. You can get the job even without meeting all the requirements. If you can do the job described, then apply. And how do you know you can do the job?Check the specified rolesEvery job description will normally have a list of roles or responsibilities which the hired candidate will take on. These are what will tell you the kind of job that is to be done. Carefully go through this list and imagine yourself on the job.Is this a job you can wake up every day to do? Can you deliver on the tasks the candidate is supposed to perform? Can you do other closely-related jobs that may be given or required for this position?Engage your mind and try to find out what a typical day would look like working in the position. If you are confident that you are able to do all those things that are required, then apply.What skills do you have?This is where you compare the skills you have to those outlined in the job posting. Since they are no t a perfect match, it is time for some necessary trimming. You will need to answer the below questions.1. Are the required skills completely relevant to the tasks you determined in the above step you will be performing?2. If the skills required are a must-have, do you have them or can they be substituted with one of your own? NB: In determining whether your skills can be used in place of those specified, you need to be honest. Do not decide to see the possibilities just because you want the job.3. In case you do not have the required skills, can you learn them fast?These three questions will help you soberly judge whether the job you are considering is worth applying for. Remember that at this point, you have already established that you don’t have all the qualifications listed. So what you are really doing is investigating your chances. One important attribute that goes a long way in job interviews is confidence. Your confidence levels can reward you handsomely. It often happens that someone who is qualified for a job fails to get it as someone less qualified gets hired.Why?Confidence. This is especially so in certain positions that require leadership skills. An average person with good levels of confidence can land that job faster than a qualified candidate with low confidence.2. GET CONNECTEDIt always matters who you know. This is not to mean that getting a job only happens when you are a relative to someone in the organization. The idea here is that connections have a way of pushing you to the front. In this case, let’s look at two particular connections.LinkedInThere are many networking sites but few can match the power of LinkedIn. In fact, before shortlisting is done and candidates called or emailed for the interview, many hiring managers do their homework. And they do it on LinkedIn.On your part, this networking site should not just be for filling up the number of connections you have. You should be strategic about who you connect with. Since you a lso did your homework, you should have the company or specific employees as part of your network.This paints a picture of interest in the company. You also come across as someone who would take care of the company’s business since you have connections with those in it.Get an internal referralThis can be the single most powerful connection you need to land that job. A referral from within the organization means that someone knows and trusts you. If they can vouch for your credibility and expertise, then you are on your way to getting hired.How do you get an internal referral?You look for one.This is easier than it may sound and it works best when there is ample time before the end of the application period. In your confidence, you can locate the company and approach one or several of their employees.If you can get those higher in rank, the better. Be open and direct. Tell them you like the company, are aware of the vacancy advertized and would like to know more about the company. Y ou may need to develop your conversation skills before taking this approach so you are able to maximize on it.Since you have made it clear you want to learn, offer to buy them a drink over a small meeting at a convenient time. This should be tea or coffee, not alcohol. After building a rapport, towards the interview day (assuming you got shortlisted), request them to mention you to the hiring manager.3. HIGHLIGHT YOUR TRANSFERABLE SKILLSSomething else you can do, is highlight the skills you have acquired over time. Be careful to highlight those which are relevant to the job. Also prepare to explain how those skills are important for the job.These are more commonly referred to as transferable skills. Whether you gained them while growing up, in school or during your internship, those skills are very important.Transferable skills rank quite highly with hiring managers because they set candidates apart. One candidate may meet all the requirements but exhibit a lack of communication ski lls. Another one may be equally qualified but prove to be lacking in leadership skills, yet the job requires those.This is the reason why resumes usually feature a section for highlighting your skills and abilities. As you list down your transferable skills, emphasize on the ones which paint you as the perfect fit for the job.Below are some of the common transferable skills that hiring managers look for. You do not need to have all these. Something else, these are not all that exist. The absence of a skill from this list does not mean that it is less important. At the end of the day, it will come down to you convincing them that you’re the candidate of choice.TeamworkOrganizations have learned the importance of focusing on teamwork and not individual work. At the heart of this realization is the simple truth that two are better than one. And for it to qualify as a team, those “two” must be working together.When an individual is given a task, the chances of completing it well m ay greatly vary. This is all because of the set of abilities he has. But when a team is formed and given a task, good results can be expected almost always.Within the team, the task will be subdivided according to individual strengths and abilities.This creates a powerful synergy as everyone specializes in the area they are best at. The result is a job well, or perfectly done. When the team is acknowledged for the job well done, the morale of the members goes up and they get encouraged to keep working together.This brings a great benefit to the organization in various ways. Where there is good teamwork, employees are more satisfied. Their jobs turn out to be fun because of the frequent successes in projects. As a result, they become more loyal.Also, everyone develops a sense of belonging as they identify themselves with the team.Leadership skillsFor a very long time, management got all the attention as it was seen as the requirement for success in business. Recently though, leadersh ip has come out as something quite distinct from management and taken its place in the success of businesses.Although there are differences between leadership and management, there are some similarities too. Whether you are a manager or a leader, you need to focus on the skills which you have. This will depend on the job you are applying for.If the job post seems to be keen on measurable results, then management skills are what the company will likely be keen on. If the company seems to prefer building relationships and empowering their staff, then leadership skills are more needed in that company.Do not show yourself as having skills which you do not possess. Not only is this lying, but it will also come back to haunt you. You may get the job and start suffering chronic stress because you cannot handle it. So be wise and live by the truth.Personal motivationStudies show that most employees are not engaged at work. Being engaged means they are not motivated or enthusiastic as the bu siness owner is. If you have ever been in most workplaces, you will agree with these findings.Although employees see it as dealing with boredom when they go online during working hours, for the employer, this is lost time. As a non-recoverable resource, time is very expensive and once lost, the company loses a lot.To get an understanding of this loss, take the example of a manufacturing company. If twenty bags of fertilizer are produced every hour, what happens when someone is too bored to work? What if he therefore produces eighteen bags instead, due to time wasted checking Facebook, Twitter and Instagram?If this person works for eight hours a day, he would have produced 160 bags. But at 18 bags an hour, he will produce 144 bags. Those are 16 bags less. If there was an order for 160 bags on that day yet the company cannot deliver, isn’t this a loss?The alternative option would be for the employee to work overtime. This duration is usually paid at a higher rate than normal working hours. Isn’t this an unnecessary expense for the company?If you can then motivate yourself and stay focused on the job to be done, you will definitely become a valuable employee. All you have to do is communicate this through your resume and mention it during the interview.DisciplineDiscipline is worth learning despite whether it is for a job or not. For the job however, discipline will help you become productive at work. With discipline, challenges to do with time management will not be a problem for you.While other employees may be having trouble scheduling meetings and deciding what is important versus what is not, you will have decided and acted accordingly. This will ensure you are ahead of your colleagues and you will prove more productive than them.One benefit from this is the opportunity of getting a promotion. Since promotions normally go to the most deserving employee, it will not be a hard thing for you to get it. You can also mention that you are able to help other em ployees develop discipline. If you have done this in the past, point it out.Communication skillsCommunication has been touted as one of the most important skills needed for a successful career or business.The reason is that everything is built around communication. From pitching to customers or investors, passing interviews to communicating your personal needs and those of the company, you are communicating. And with the different situations, skills are necessary in order to achieve your goal.Communication that is clear and direct is beneficial to those listening. The faster you pass your message across, the faster you can have what you want.As part of communication, listening is also an important skill to posses. Rarely will you be able to communicate well if you cannot listen well. Listening guarantees that you will understand the other person and their background.This is important for creating a conducive working environment. Without good communication, there will be lots of conf licts as people feel that they are not being understood. Or their opinions are not being taken into account.Analytical skillsThe ability to take raw data and come up with comprehensive reports is always a big plus. In this age of data-driven decisions, having analytical skills will make you valuable to any employer. And this is not a skill that is only usable in the high positions but also in intermediate or lower ones.Being analytical in your approach to things will help in dealing with situations from a logical perspective and avoid rushing into action. As such, it is easier for you to understand a situation compared to someone who does not have analytical skills.When you understand a situation, you are likely to come up with a better solution. If the job requires some form of research, then this skill will raise your chances of getting hired.Problem solving skillsProblems exist all over and the most valuable people in the society are those who solve problems. Think about it for a minute, aren’t some of the biggest businesses solving problems?Take Google for example. People had a need for information yet couldn’t all get to the public libraries. So what did Google do? It made information available. Sportswear companies like Nike and Adidas tapped into the need for comfortable clothes and shoes during sporting events and became successful.Problem solving is closely related to analytics and critical thinking. Although these words may sound technical, if you have these skills, you know that there is nothing really technical about them. This is because for you, you utilize them without much effort while others may struggle.And that is exactly why you are unique and best placed for the job.In all these transferable skills and others you may have, the key is to communicate them well. You have to show their relevance to the job you are applying for. This way, you stand a chance of getting that job which you thought you couldn’t.CONCLUSIONWith these three step s, you can develop a winner’s mindset and apply for those jobs you were ignoring on the basis of meeting the requirements. Remember, if you can do the job and have relevant skills, APPLY.

Fascinating Facts About Caterpillars

Surely youve seen a caterpillar in your lifetime, and youve probably even handled one, but how much do you know about Lepidopteran larvae? These cool facts about caterpillars will give you new respect for what remarkable creatures they are. A Caterpillar Has Just One Job -- to Eat During the larval stage, the caterpillar must consume enough to sustain itself through its pupal stage and into adulthood. Without proper nutrition, it may not have the energy to complete its metamorphosis. Malnourished caterpillars may reach adulthood, but be unable to produce eggs. Caterpillars can eat an enormous amount during a life cycle stage that typically lasts several weeks. Some consume 27,000 times their body weight during this life phase. Caterpillars Increase Their Body Mass by as Much as 1,000 Times or More The larval stage of the life cycle is all about growth. Within the span of a few weeks, the caterpillar will grow exponentially. Because its cuticle, or skin, is only so pliable, the caterpillar will molt multiple times as it gains size and mass. The stage between molts is called an instar, and most caterpillars go through 5 to 6 instars before pupating. No wonder caterpillars consume so much food! A Caterpillars First Meal Is Usually Its Eggshell In most cases, when a caterpillar ecloses (hatches) from its egg, it will consume the remainder of the shell. The outer layer of the egg, called the chorion, is rich in protein and provides the new larva  with a nutritious start. A Caterpillar Has as Many as 4,000 Muscles in Its Body Thats one seriously muscle-bound insect! By comparison, humans have just 629 muscles in a considerably larger body. The caterpillars head capsule alone consists of 248 individual muscles, and about 70 muscles control each body segment. Remarkably, each of the 4,000 muscles is innervated by one or two neurons.   Caterpillars Have 12 Eyes On each side of its head, a caterpillar has 6 tiny eyelets, called stemmata, arranged in a semi-circle. One of the 6 eyelets is usually offset a bit and located closer to the antennae. You would think an insect with 12 eyes would have excellent eyesight, but thats not the case. The stemmata serve merely to help the caterpillar differentiate between light and dark. If you watch a caterpillar, youll notice it sometimes moves its head from side to side. This most likely helps it judge depth  and distance as it navigates somewhat blindly. Caterpillars Produce Silk Using modified salivary glands along the sides of their mouth, caterpillars can produce silk as needed. Some caterpillars, like gypsy moths, disperse by ballooning from the treetops on a silken thread. Others, such as eastern tent caterpillars or webworms, construct silk tents in which they live communally. Bagworms use silk to join dead foliage together into a shelter. Caterpillars also use silk when they pupate, either to suspend a chrysalis or to construct a cocoon. Caterpillars Have 6 Legs, Just as Adult Butterflies or Moths Do There are way more than 6 legs on most caterpillars youve seen, but most of those legs are false legs, called prolegs, which help the caterpillar hold onto plant surfaces and allow it to climb. The 3 pairs of legs on the caterpillars thoracic segments are the true legs, which it will retain in adulthood. A caterpillar may have up to 5 pairs of prolegs on its abdominal segments, usually including a terminal pair on the hind end.   Caterpillars Move in a Wavelike Motion, From Back to Front Caterpillars with a full complement of prolegs move in a fairly predictable motion. Usually, the caterpillar will first anchor itself using the terminal pair of prolegs and then reach forward with one pair of legs at a time, starting from the hind end. Theres more going on than just leg action, though. The caterpillars blood pressure changes as it moves forward, and its gut, which is basically a cylinder suspended inside its body, advances in sync with the head and rear end. Inchworms and loopers, which have fewer prolegs, move by pulling their hind ends forward in contact with the thorax and then extending their front half. Caterpillars Get Creative When It Comes to Self Defense Life at the bottom of the food chain can be tough, so caterpillars employ all kinds of strategies to avoid becoming a bird snack. Some caterpillars, such as the early instars of black swallowtails, look like bird droppings. Certain inchworms in the family Geometridae mimic twigs, and bear markings that resemble leaf scars or bark. Other caterpillars use the opposite strategy, making themselves visible with bright colors to advertise their toxicity. A few caterpillars, like the spicebush swallowtail, display large eyespots to deter birds from eating them. If youve ever tried to take a caterpillar from its host plant, only to have it fall to the ground, youve observed it using thanatosis to thwart your efforts to collect it. A swallowtail caterpillar can be identified by its smelly osmeterium, a special defensive stink gland just behind the head. Many Caterpillars Use the Toxins From Their Host Plants to Their Own Advantage Caterpillars and plants co-evolve. Some host plants produce toxic or foul-tasting compounds meant to dissuade herbivores from munching their foliage. But many caterpillars can sequester the toxins in their bodies, effectively using these compounds to protect themselves from predators. The classic example of this is the monarch caterpillar and its host plant, milkweed. The monarch caterpillar ingests glycosides produced by the milkweed plant. These toxins remain within the monarch through adulthood, making the butterfly unpalatable to birds and other predators. Sources Caterpillar locomotion: A new model for soft-bodied climbing and burrowing robots, Barry A. Trimmer, Ann E. Takesian, and Brian M. Sweet, Tufts University, 2006.Unique Means of Animal Locomotion Reported for First Time, Tufts University media release, July 22, 2010.Caterpillars of Eastern North America, David L. Wagner.Encyclopedia of Insects, 2nd Edition, edited by Vincent H. Resh and Ring T. Cardà ©, 2009.Borror and Delongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th Edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson, 2005.

The American Dream Analysis - 1162 Words

What is your discussion question you prepared for the group? * Some argue that BTWM lacks an adequate representation of black women. Do you think Coates had an obligation to include the experiences of black women in his writing? Why? What is The American Dream? What is the Dream Coates talks about? What is the difference? This should be three paragraphs long. (He goes further into it on page 146) * The American Dream is the ideal that anyone can be successful if they work hard enough. This insinuates that America is the land of equal opportunity where any individual can pursue happiness and prosperity through hard work and dedication. This â€Å"Dream† is found in the Declaration of Independence and is stated as such: â€Å"We hold these†¦show more content†¦The Dreamers are living the Dream, which Coates defines as the fiction of whiteness. Dreamers think that they are white, and therefore believe they are â€Å"beyond the design flaws of humanity.† Coates uses Between the World and Me as a call to action, and he is waiting for the Dreamers to come into consciousness to see what they have done to the world. Although similar in many ways, the American Dream and the Dream Coates talks about have one major difference: the American dream is a sought-after fantasy while the Dream that Coates describes is a real and problematic mental state. Just like any dr eam, the American Dream is fictional and unpredictable. In reality, all men are not created equal, and hard work never guarantees success. Simply put, the American Dream is a fictitious ideal, and those who choose to believe in it are ignorant above all else. On the contrary, the Dream that Coates talks about is a real-life, prevalent issue in White America. Unlike the American Dream, the Dream that Coates refers to is not a fantasy. It is not an ideal, but rather a senseless state of ignorance. The Dreamers are real, and they are unconsciously stuck in the Dream. This Dream is otherwise known as the American Dream, and it is completely fictional. What does Coates tell his son to struggle for? What does he tell him not to struggle for? Provide specific excerpts (at least two) * Coates specifically tells his son to struggle for Black history. He does not want his son toShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream Analysis1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Dream was developed by James Truslow Adams in 1931, and he stated, â€Å"the American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability and achievement.† This concept is flawed in today’s standards as Adam’s â€Å"better and richer and fuller† life, is more focused on being successful and accepted, rather than being happy. Therefore, Adam’s â€Å"American Dream† needs to be revised to imply that success doesn’tRead MoreAnalysis Of The American Dream1063 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is the American Dream? Is it home ownership, gaining fame or wealth, having a great family or is it gaining a peace of mind? Many people have different versions of what the American Dream is, som e people believe the dream is lost, and some people are right in the middle and still believe the American Dream is still alive. â€Å"The American Dream† by Brandon King debates about what the true state is left in the American Dream now. Throughout the essay, King asks if the American Dream is dead, aliveRead MoreThe American Dream Analysis827 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Dream is another controversial element of American life whose validity was well-debated by writers of the era. This was an ideal that many immigrants from the Old World strived to achieve, hoping that their penniless fortunes would quickly change for the better. 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Urban/hood films generally surround young men, that are typically Black/African-American (but other racial groups can be present as well) who live in the impoverished areas of cities. The characters of these movies are often trying to find a way to better the standards of their lives (and may compromise their moral beliefs to accomplishRead MoreLevitt American Dream Analysis726 Words   |  3 Pages The Levitts have a simple version of the American Dream during the 1950s. Each son had a specific American Dream they were trying to achieve. For Alfred, the American Dream was to be married and to make other people happy. He does this by making the communities have a perfect design with green grass. William Levitts viewpoint on the American Dream is different from Alfred. William wanted to make money and live a life of which he is â€Å"on top of the world.† A quote which shows this states â€Å"In hisRead MoreMarxist Analysis of the American Dream990 Words   |  4 Pagesare relishing in The American Dream While capitalism promotes the belief that this dream is achievable, it is more often than not, a literal dream, and leaves its pursuers poor, and weak. This keeps the working class powerless, and pacified to propagate capitalistic values. Clean cut examples of this are cases in such societies where people do not have the chance to advance but have the chance to succeed. A strange position that seems to contradict a culture thats Dream is to be powerful and

Sociology and Age Section Ch Free Essays

Ch 10 What role does the media need to play in ending gender violence? What is the glass ceiling? Why are women a minority group? In what countries mentioned in the text has mass media helped create an incipient women’s movement by showing women that other gender relationships are possible? What was the result of the remarks made by the President of Harvard University suggesting women had inborn characteristics making them less competitive than men in fields such as engineering? What did the Vietnam veterans study find out about aggression? When the media replaces older female broadcasters with younger ones while keeping older ones, what might explain this? How do feminists feel about female circumcision? What is the glass escalator? What is gender tracking? What is disengagement theory? How do sociologists view gender based behavior? What is an age cohert What is suttee in India? What was Engels explanation of patriarchy? In which sociological perspective do theorists focus on how the meaning of â€Å"old age† shifts based on the changing conditions of society? What is life expectancy? What are honor killings? What were the 3 waves of feminism? What were the goals of each? What is the definition of feminism? What is activity theory (age section ch 10) Which era lead to the greatest increase in life expectancy? What is unintentional sexual discrimination in healthcare? Ch 11 What is a rational-legal authority? A charismatic leader? Who in US history has embodied both? Which country pays the most social security taxes? Which type of leader is believed to be touch by God? What are criticisms of socialism? What is capitalism? What happens when economies have both? The Ruling class are Domhoff’s description of which group? (Ruling class) What are their characteristics? What is totalitarianism? Give examples. What invention lead to the industrial era? What effect does industrialization have on traditional authorities? In capitalism, who determines the cost of goods? What is a political action committee? What lead to conspicuous consumption? What is convergence theory? Early systems of government closely resembled what type of social institution? Town hall meetings are held to create laws in which type of government? What are the 3 conditions of war? What is the global villiage? Which theorist stated an items value is based on the work that goes into it and that profit is made by paying workers less than this? What are the 3 sources of authority identified by Weber? Who has a monopoly on legitimate force and violence? What is the political gender gap? What is the most common title for the ruler of a city state? Which theorist says authority must be deemed legitimate by the people? Ch 12 In both single mother families and married couples what is the most common childcare for working mothers? What is the sociological definition of marriage? What is serial fatherhood? What are the biggest strains in the US family? What percent of US marriages are interracial? Is the family universal? Who says? Which theory is going to look at the meaning of women’s work? What trends are expected to continue in education? What influence does industrialization have on family structure? Which racial/ ethnic group is least likely to be headed by a married couple? Who are the most common incest offenders? Which racial/ethnic group is most likely to have strong fatherly influence? Which theory identified that the family provides economic production, socialization, care of the sick and aged, etc.? Who are DINKS? SINKS? Who are boomerang children? Ch 13 What did Marx say about religion? What do schools have to do with the cultural transmission of values? What are they? What were the 2 major goal of education when it was first introduced to the masses? What is tracking Which theory says religion gives meaning to our lives? What is gatekeeping in education? Which functions of families are now being fulfilled by schools? What was the Inquisition? What is a credential society? What does it mean to be born again? What is mainstreaming of disabilities? How does money influence school admission in Japan? Religion has been used to justify denying homosexuals rights in America. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology and Age Section Ch or any similar topic only for you Order Now What would a conflict theorist say this says about religion? What is ecclesia? What was the result of the remarks made by the President of Harvard University suggesting women had inborn characteristics making them less competitive than men in fields such as engineering? How to cite Sociology and Age Section Ch, Essay examples

Recent Modern Art Exhibition Projects 89

Introduction Art exhibitions are the places, which will be interesting to people of any age and any gender any time. â€Å"A natural effect of the Museum exhibition will be to lead the public to enquire why it is that objects of ‘museum quality’ are to be found only in Museums and are not in daily use and readily obtainable.† (Coomaraswamy, 13) Without any doubts, each exhibition presents something new and extraordinary to the lives of millions of people.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Recent Modern Art Exhibition: Projects 89 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of such exhibitions, which impressed me a lot, is Projects 89 by Klara Liden. This exhibition was opened February 25, 2009, and will be closed June 8, 2009. In spite of the fact that it is not much time to share her creation with lots of people, this exhibition has already impressed someone. The ideas of rebellion, desire to act and demonstrate personal vision and comprehension of the events – this is what motivated Klara to present this modern art exhibition. Discussion Art and Enthusiasm of Klara Liden One French Thomistic philosopher, Etienne Gilson, admitted that it was better to turn back to pictorial philosophical approach in order to demonstrate how paintings and, at the same time, other art masterpieces could easily demonstrate the concrete act of existence. (Gilson, 7) This young Swedish artist with her exhibition under consideration is full of enthusiasm. Can it be that a big blank box, placed at the center of the room, turns out to be rather attractive for many people? At the Museum of Modern Art, this event gathers more and more people every day. This box cannot stay monumental for a long period of time – it would be not that interesting to observe, this is why Klara Liden makes this creature work, shelving. And, finally, it is necessary to admit that modern art cannot forget about innovations with various video and audio additions, so, in the corner on the floor, there is a video monitor, where short video is shown during three and a half minutes. The peculiar feature of this video is Liden’s presence on it. She stands on the Manhattan bank of the East River and skips little stones across the water. To my mind, such choice of the video is not casual. These stones in the water may symbolize a life that lasts not for a long period of time, but its movements are really brilliant and attract the attention of many people, and the consequences of these movements, the traces on the water, excite again and again. Liden’s exhibition lasts during a certain period of time, and, as the traces in the water, left by the stone, her work should be kept in mind for a long period of time. What Newspapers Write about the Exhibition Not many magazines and newspapers are ready to describe the events, which happen now in the Museum of Modern Art, however, New Y ork Times presents a captivating article about this artist and her abilities to create unbelievable things to the viewer. Holland Cotter writes about the exhibitions the following:Advertising Looking for research paper on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The idea, as I read it, was to keep a piece of the show outside the art space and in the world, which meant incorporating the world – whoever happened to sit on the bench – into the show. Over the years she has negotiated similar transactions between art and life in other places, in other ways. (Cotter, 2009) So, people, who do comprehend the essence of art and the ideas, which artists want to represent in their works, will certainly understand that this box of papers is not a simple gathering of different sheet of papers. It is a history that is closely connected to people, their lives, and their future. Other articles in newspapers and magazines like to des cribe this exhibition and share the ideas of what they see there: â€Å"architectural interventions and installations by cannibalizing existing structures and materials, such as cardboard, corrugated metal, drywall, wood, and carpet remnants.† (NY Art Beat) Any piece of art may be compared to each other. Is it possible to relate poems and museum exhibitions? To my mind, it is quite possible. For example, Jacques Maritain told that â€Å"to one degree or another, even in the most obscure poems, even when the poet turns his back completely on intelligence, the intelligible sense is always there.† (Maritain, 261) Almost the same happens during the exhibition by Klara Liden: she makes an attempt to forget about the reasons and consequences, and create something untraditional, but taking into consideration some modern features and innovations. This is why her work is something really intelligent and true. Conclusion People should have a chance to forget about their current problems and affairs, and entertain for some period of time. Current exhibitions are the places, where people can do it with ease. Imagination of artists and their ideas are usually quite different and amazing. Klara Liden is a Swedish artist, who presents her exhibition Projects 89 at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Her work and video file turn out to be really interesting and unusual for our times, this is why lots of people are eager to visit this exhibit again and again. Works Cited Coomaraswamy, Ananda, K. Cristian and Oriental Philosophy of Art. Courier Dover Publication, 1956.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Recent Modern Art Exhibition: Projects 89 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cotter, Holland. â€Å"Cutting Modernism’s Big Cube Down to Size.† The New York Times. 19 Mar. 2009. 16 Jun. 2009. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/20/arts/design/20lide.html?_r=1scp=2sq=Projects%208 9:%20Klara%20Lidenst=cse Gilson, Etienne. Painting and Reality. Meridian, 1959. Maritain, Jacques. Creative Intuition in Art and Poetry: Abdrew Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts. Princeton University Press, 1977. NY Art Beat, â€Å"Projects 89: Klara Liden† Exhibition. 16 Jun. 2009. http://www.nyartbeat.com/event/2009/9B4A This research paper on Recent Modern Art Exhibition: Projects 89 was written and submitted by user Alessandro Carrillo to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, often disabling disease that randomly attacks the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). The progress, severity and specific symptoms of the disease can not be predicted; symptoms may range from tingling and numbness to paralysis and blindness. MS is a devastating disease because people live with its unpredictable physical and emotional effects for the rest of their lives. MS is a well-known disease, but poorly understood. In the United States there are approximately 200 new cases diagnosed each week; MS is a common disease and not always caused by genetics. Therefore, I feel we all need to have a better understanding of this disease that has no cure yet. I hope to make MS more understanding in my paper. In my paper I will explain what MS is, who gets MS, what MS has to do with the metabolism, some new techniques being used to pinpoint genetic factors, what some of the symptoms of MS is, and some treatments for MS. Multiple Sclerosis Mul tiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disabling illness that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord (Bernard). Under normal conditions these nerve cells are surrounded by an insulating sheath made of fatty "myelin," which speeds the passage of nerve impulses. In MS, this myelin sheath is inflamed or damaged, disrupting nerve impulses and leaving areas of scarring (sclerosis). The disruption of nerve signals within the brain and spinal cord causes a variety of symptoms that may affect vision, sensation, and body movements. â€Å"These symptoms usually wax and wane through a series of relapses (episodes when symptoms suddenly get worse) alternating with remissions (periods of recovery, when symptoms improve).† (Brunnscheiler) For many patients, a long history of MS attacks over several decades leads to slowly progressing disability, but for others the disability is more rapid and severe. MS is a life-long chronic disease diagnosed primarily in young a... Free Essays on Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Free Essays on Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, often disabling disease that randomly attacks the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). The progress, severity and specific symptoms of the disease can not be predicted; symptoms may range from tingling and numbness to paralysis and blindness. MS is a devastating disease because people live with its unpredictable physical and emotional effects for the rest of their lives. MS is a well-known disease, but poorly understood. In the United States there are approximately 200 new cases diagnosed each week; MS is a common disease and not always caused by genetics. Therefore, I feel we all need to have a better understanding of this disease that has no cure yet. I hope to make MS more understanding in my paper. In my paper I will explain what MS is, who gets MS, what MS has to do with the metabolism, some new techniques being used to pinpoint genetic factors, what some of the symptoms of MS is, and some treatments for MS. Multiple Sclerosis Mul tiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disabling illness that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord (Bernard). Under normal conditions these nerve cells are surrounded by an insulating sheath made of fatty "myelin," which speeds the passage of nerve impulses. In MS, this myelin sheath is inflamed or damaged, disrupting nerve impulses and leaving areas of scarring (sclerosis). The disruption of nerve signals within the brain and spinal cord causes a variety of symptoms that may affect vision, sensation, and body movements. â€Å"These symptoms usually wax and wane through a series of relapses (episodes when symptoms suddenly get worse) alternating with remissions (periods of recovery, when symptoms improve).† (Brunnscheiler) For many patients, a long history of MS attacks over several decades leads to slowly progressing disability, but for others the disability is more rapid and severe. MS is a life-long chronic disease diagnosed primarily in young a...

Why you put off studying until the last minute and how to deal with it

Why you put off studying until the last minute and how to deal with it Reasons You Don’t Start Studying Until The Last Minute Mostly teachers give students enough time to complete a task; however, very often many students leave the preparation until the last minute. As a result, they are stressed out, exhausted and frustrated. Also, it is more than likely that the quality of the finished task suffered. Let’s have a look at the reasons why this happens and what can be done about it. Fear of the hard work Very often, the difficulty of the task scares you off and makes you put off the studying for later, no matter how important the task is. In fact, if the assignment is really significant, the fear can be even stronger, and, as a result, you end up pushing off the work even further. Fear of failure Feeling that the results of your efforts will be most likely unsatisfactory can make you completely demotivated and immobilized. You realize that the subject that you need to cover is too complicated, and you will not be able to get nice grades for that. Such fear of failure can also make you put off starting your study. Mistakes in personal organization Personal organization is very important in student life. You are responsible for completing different assignments on time. Unfortunately, many students do not create a plan of how to complete a task to fit the deadline, and those who do have a plan may overestimate their abilities and evaluate the amount of time that needs to be spent on studying incorrectly. Such mistakes are common and can cost dearly since poor self-organization can result in falling out of the university or college. What to do You might be one of those students who tend to leave performing important tasks until it is too late. The main solution of the issue is the following – just start studying and, most importantly, start doing it early. Obviously, this advice sounds simple, but, at the same time, extremely difficult to execute for many students. However, leaving studying until the last minute is a habit. Like any habits, it can be changed. If you really want to improve your studying pattern, try incorporating new habits into your student life. Starting study early, organizing yourself, making a plan and following it will bring great results. Being a student, you must realize that the task needs to be completed no matter what. Hence, putting off the preparation of the assignment is meaningless, and it is better to start working on an important task as soon as it is possible. This will save a lot of mental energy and will give you a great sense of accomplishment along with great grades and an appraisal from professors.

Guide Lines for Selecting a Career Personal Statement

Guide Lines for Selecting a Career - Personal Statement Example Career choice is one of the most important decisions in anyone's life, and yet countless young people enter careers that later prove to be wholly unsuitable. Even today most young people have no way to find out if a particular career would really suit them. Decisions that are central to future happiness and success are therefore very often being taken in the dark. Hence young people can take advice from older people in their family or can look at examples; that is people who have achieved success in their desired career. It also happens that halfway through their career people realize this was never meant for them. All this is part of life but there are also people who successfully achieve their target careers and are successful in them. Its necessary to adopt a career that u have an interest in. The reason being that a person who selects a career of his interest is more dedicated to his profession. One of the greatest misfortunes in life is to be superior at something you don't like. You may be skillful in mathematics, but you may hate it. You may be proficient public relations communicator, busy interacting with people every minute of the day but my love life of isolation and meditation. In order to be able to select the right career, one has to reflect, analyze, know one's inner self, and be able to clearly differentiate between what one is good at (proficiency, competence) and what you like and want to do in life (interests, principles). The first thing to do is to build up a concept of the person you would like to be. Let your personal sense of right and wrong be your guide and resist enticement and pressures from elders and peers. Choosing a job you like which is not in clash with your values and lets you apprehend your full individuality and creative potential will enable you to achieve a sense of completion. It is recommended to interact with career counselors and in par ticular near and dear ones such as parents and peers, and elders, and taking their suggestions. Read some good books on career guidance and take a few career tests. A person can either visit a career counselor or psychologist who will administer relevant tests to him/her. Or try online tests. The role of my father's firm is to manufacture and sell electric generators. In reference to the work, I can adopt two educational lines in the future that can help me become the head of the firm. The first one is of getting a degree in Electrical Engineering and the second option is doing a Masters in Business Administration. After studying both critically the first option is not as agreeable and suitable as the second one. The second option can give me a better all-round knowledge about how to run an organization, which things to check and how to manage the resources. The first option restricts me to the technicality of the job. Having talked about this I will come to my college and high school responsibilities. I will have an open choice until my high school in the matter of my professional career, but things will start to take a certain direction as I enter my college. From my college, my aim towards my professional goal would start to clear up and I will start to go in details o f managing a business.  

Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 10

Annotated Bibliography Example I concur with the author`s conclusion that AIDS screening and training programs that are gender-specific lowers HIV transmission in prisons. This research used questionnaires to figure out gender differences in the level of knowledge about HIV symptoms, transmission and prevention measures among inmates in the United States. Both sexes showed an understanding of what HIV is and the common routes of transmission. However, some presenting symptoms associated with HIV, like the frequent vaginal yeast infection and vaginal discharge, are only in women and not in men. In addition, prevention measures in women were slightly different from the ones for men. Due to these differences, the author concluded that preventive education oriented programs used in male inmates prisons may not be entirely beneficial to female inmates. Global Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS. (2009). Advancing the sexual and reproductive health and human rights of people living with HIV: a guidance package. Amsterdam: The Global Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS (GNP+). This paper intends to educate women inmates living with HIV on how and why to fulfill their sexual needs and have a reproductive health. The well-being of HIV-positive women is taken into consideration as one way of respecting the human rights. Methods meant to make them live longer, be healthier, be more productive and live more satisfying lives are explored. Inmates are encouraged to get involved in physical exercise, avoid intravenous drug use and avoid risky sexual behaviors. Peer education and respecting human rights (no rape) can prevent the spread of new infections. The author concludes that preventing transmission of diseases protects not only the inmates but also the society at large. This work is one of the articles from United Nations & AIDS (UNAIDS) - an international body that focuses on HIV/AIDS. The author explains what makes women more vulnerable to

Americas Racial Freedom :: Free Essays Online

America's Racial Freedom THE ANTI-SLAVERY FAIR & THE LIBERTY BELL: The Beginnings of America’s Racial Freedom 1848 was not a year commonly associated with monumental advancements or changes in the anti-slavery cause in the United States of America. Most individuals today see slavery and the abolitionist movement as an issue that had its beginnings and endings in the 1860s. That particular decade was a complete turning point in the history of our country; however, the long hard road that finally led to the emancipation of slaves tends to be overlooked. From the moment that the first slave stepped foot upon American soil, there were individuals who believed in a greater cause – humanity. Considered radicals at the time because of their comparatively reprehensible ideals, abolitionists traveled across the United States spreading a message of freedom and equality for all mankind. Unfortunately, most of the following generations did not have the opportunity to see these movers and shakers in action. With initial appearances around 1820, one of the only strong remaining links we have to tea ch us about this cause are the manuscripts, stories, poems, and other literary works written by those that were unafraid to bear their souls in hopes of forming a new way of life in American society (â€Å"Mosaic†). The United States of America was undoubtedly a late bloomer when it came to accepting new ideas regarding the validity of slavery. British radicals had formed a group called the Anti-Slavery Society in the late eighteenth century to put an end to slavery within British colonies, a task the organization accomplished. Nearly fifty years later, the Americans adapted their own version of this group, ingeniously calling themselves the American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) (â€Å"American Anti-Slavery Society†). The lack of ingenuity in naming this organization did not at all reflect upon the enthusiasm and hard work these individuals put into their cause. This newly established abolitionist group came into the public’s eye without any hesitation and they projected a harsh reality to sympathizers and slave owners alike. Their goal was to let their message be heard by as many Americans as possible, which led to the publication of numerous anti-slavery periodicals. These periodi cals were sold at the abolitionist fairs being held regularly all over the country. With these anti-slavery crusades in full swing, controversy also developed regarding the idea of women in leadership positions. In an era where women had just about as many rights as the black folk, many stubborn white men called their expertise into question.

To Kill A Mockingbird Chapter Summaries

Chapter 2-3 Dill goes back to his hometown.. ]em and scout have first day of skool ms. Caroline tries to give money to Walter Cunningham for lunch but he never has lunch he's supa poor scout gets in trouble for being able to read and write then burris ewell makes ms. Caroline cry scout wants to drop outta skool but makes a compromise wit atticus that she will go to skool if they keep reading everynight. Chapter 4 Scout thinks something is missing and school wasn't really in her future. She finds 2 pieces of gum near the Radley property but Jem makes her spit it out then the next day they find two pennies and keep them†¦Scout and Calpurnia are getting along. Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose meanest old lady ever. Jem roles scout down the road ina tire she falls out and Jem acts tuff and gets the tire out off boo's yard then they play Boo Radley (reinactment) Jem says boo radly is dead but that makes scout nervous because she knows he isnt Sent from my Verizon Wireless BlackBerry Chapt er 5 Dill purposed to Scout then forgot about it a little later in the summer. Dill and Jem excluded Scout. Scout became closer to Ms. Maudie Atkinson. (Widow Scout describes as chameleon lady, hates her house and gardens. ) Scout and Ms.Maudie talk about the Bible. The 3 kids try to dangle a fishing pole with a note on it saying come out to Boo Radley, but Atticus gets mad. Chapter 6 It is the last day Dill is in Maycomb, and at night they decide to try to catch a glimpse of Boo Radley, but they see a shadow and run away. While they are running, Scout trips and makes a gunshot noise (or Boo shoots not sure) they try to meet at a tree near school but Jem's pants get stuck on a fence and have to lie to the adults that he lost them in strip poker to Dill. During the night he goes and gets them even though Scout tells him not too.Chapter 7 Scout is now in 2nd grade and Jem tells her that the night he went back to Radley Place for his pants, they had been sewed messily and folded like s omeone knew he would come back. They also found a ball of grey string in the hiding spot they discovered. The next day they found 2 pieces of soap with images carved in the shape of a boy & a other in a crude dress. They realize the images carved in are themselves. They are trying to figure out who did it. Two weeks later they find a whole pack of gum. Four days later they found a broken pocket watch with an aluminum knife.They write a thank-you note to the giver, but Nathan Radley had cemented in the whole saying it was dying but it was really healthy. Chapter 8 Scout says her and Jem haven't been obeying their dad, Atticus. Mrs. Radley died but no one really cared. It snows for the first time and Scout is scared because she's never seen snow. They have a snow day and no one but them seems to like the snow. They make a large snow man filled with dirt because they don't have much snow. Ms. Maudie's house catches on fire along with Ms. Rachel's but only Ms. Maudie's burns down. Someh ow a mysterious blanket appears around Scout's shoulders.It is implied that Boo Radley put it there. Jem comes clean about all their secrets. They return Ms. Maudie's hat and hedge clipper that they had borrowed to diguise the snowman. Chapter 9 Scout gets mad because Cecil Jacobs says Atticus defends blacks (in court). Scout keeps trying to get out of going to school. Atticus only tells her yes (he does defend a black) and his name is Tom Robinson (a good friend of Cal's). He doesn't want to tell Scout what the case is. He says he took the case to keep respect. Scout talks about Cousin Ike. Uncle Jack stays with them for a week and gives them air rifles.Then, they visit Finch's landing for Christmas. Francis, her annoying cousin, also gives her trouble over Atticus taking Tom Robinson's case. Chapter 10 Atticus is very old (50) unlike the childrens' classmates. He has a â€Å"boring† Job. He never drinks or anything so he isn't very inconspicous. Atticus says its a sin to ki ll a mockingbird because all they do is sing. Scout tries to shoot Ms. Maudie's butt, so Atticus goes over to warn her. The kids go hunting and find Tim a hurt old dog, so they want to help him, but Cal calls around to warn people about the mad dog.The ops come and everyone locks themselves inside. Someone hands Atticus a gun to shoot the dog but he refuses. He ends up shooting the dog and his kids cannot believe he shot the dog. They find out that Atticus' nickname was old one shot. Ms. Maudie tells the kids he gave up hunting because he thought god gave him an unfair advantage. Chapter 1 1 Jem and Scout hate Mrs. Dubose and think she keeps a pistol concealed, and they tried not to past her house. Atticus says Mrs. Dubose is old and sick and not to let her get to Jem. Jem and Scout go to town to buy himself a little steam engine and Scout a aton.But, Jem gets very mad when she says Atticus isn't any better than the n*ggers he defends. Scout pulls him away. When they walk back home, Mrs. Dubose wasnt on the porch. Jem snatched her baton and ran through her yard and left only when he ruined all of her camellia flower bushes, he broke Scouts baton. Atticus gets mad at Jem for ruining Mrs. Dubose's garden and makes him go apologize to her. Atticus says he couldn't go to church if he didn't take Tim Robinson's case. Mrs. Dubose has Jem clean up her yard and says every saturday he has to work on her yard and every ay except Sundays tor a month ne nas to read to her.Scout describes ner as very ugly. While he was reading, she began to become distant (NOT in a good way). They ask if she is okay. Atticus tells Scout what a n*gger lover is. They realize that the alarm clock has been going off a little later each day. They finally finish all the reading and are very happy. Mrs. Dubose dies and Atticus brings a candy box home from her for Jem. Atticus wrote her will and she broke herself from her morphine addiction right before she died. She died free as the â€Å"mounta in air† the box has a white camellia in it. He yells â€Å"Oh hell devil! Atticus wanted Jem to see how courageous she was and courage isn't a man with a gun it is someone that knows they are going to lose but still goes through with whatever they are doing. Chapter 12 Jem is 12 and Scout realizes she shouldn't bother him. Jem tells her to be a girl. Summer comes and Dill doesn't come because he has a new father that he will be spending time with him. He starts reading the paper and all that. Cal says the kids can go to church with her, they are excited. Everyone is respectful of the group, except for Lulu, who asks why Cal brought white kids to a n*gger church.No instruments or books inside, Just a wooden fan for everyone. Even though the kids have dimes, they take Cal's. The priest introduces them and says, â€Å"you all know their father. † They count the money and say no one can leave until they have $10 to help Tim's family. The priest says that Atticus was the ch urch's best friends. Cal tells Scout that Tim is in Jail for supposedly raping Mr. Ewell's girl. Scout doesn't know what a rape is. The kids find out that no one from the church can read and that Cal's supposed birthday is on christmas. Cal worked on Finch's Landing since she could ork and has always worked for the Finchs.Cal told the kids that she spoke like she was black with her neighbors at church so she wouldn't be out of place. Chapter 13 Aunt Alexandra visits. Her and Atticus decided it would be good for Scout to have a feminine role model. Atticus comes back and tells the kids that he thinks it is a good idea for Auntie to live with them, but Scout knows it was Auntie's idea. She became secretary to a Maycomb club. The town is so small and everyone married in it, so Scout says everyone looks alike. Auntie tells Atticus to do and he does tell the kids to live up to the Finch name.Scout and Jem feels like Atticus isn't the same person, but he changes back because Aunt Alexandr a told him to. Chapter 14 When Jem and Scout are going through town, people keep making comments and someone says something about rape, so when Atticus got home Scout asked him what rape was. Atticus says rape is â€Å"carnal knowledge of a female by force and without consent. † She asks him why Cal wouldn't tell her what rape was if that was all it was. Scout asks if she can go to Cal's house, but Auntie sharply says no. Scout over hears Auntie saying they should get rid of Cal. Scout and Jem brawl but Atticus eparates them.Scout thinks there's a snake under her bed but it turns out to be Dill. He hates his new father and tells them that a nearby farmer had been feeding him. Chapter 1 Dill scout and Jem follow atticus to town where they find him sitting in front of Tom robbinson's Jail cell, he waited until a huge mob of people cam in one of the people being the cunningham father. Scout starts sauing things about mr. Cunningham's son, and she gets the whole entire mob to lea ve tom alone without even realizing that she did so Chapter 16 The kids and Atticus go out in the night. In the morning Atticus says BraxtonUnderwood is a negro-hater, and Aunt Alexandra tells him not to say that infront of Cal, but Atticus says she probably knows and she also knows how much she means to them. Scout has noticed a change in Atticus over the past three days. They talk about how even though Mr. Cunningham was ready to kill Atticus with the mob they are still friends and the mob people are still people otherwise Scout couldn't have stopped them. Scout says when Walter comes back to school she's going to kill him, but Atticus tells her NOT to. Atticus tells the kids not to go downtown that day. (NOTE: pg 218 good quote atticus' parenting and profession) To Kill A Mockingbird Chapter Summaries Chapter 2-3 Dill goes back to his hometown.. ]em and scout have first day of skool ms. Caroline tries to give money to Walter Cunningham for lunch but he never has lunch he's supa poor scout gets in trouble for being able to read and write then burris ewell makes ms. Caroline cry scout wants to drop outta skool but makes a compromise wit atticus that she will go to skool if they keep reading everynight. Chapter 4 Scout thinks something is missing and school wasn't really in her future. She finds 2 pieces of gum near the Radley property but Jem makes her spit it out then the next day they find two pennies and keep them†¦Scout and Calpurnia are getting along. Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose meanest old lady ever. Jem roles scout down the road ina tire she falls out and Jem acts tuff and gets the tire out off boo's yard then they play Boo Radley (reinactment) Jem says boo radly is dead but that makes scout nervous because she knows he isnt Sent from my Verizon Wireless BlackBerry Chapt er 5 Dill purposed to Scout then forgot about it a little later in the summer. Dill and Jem excluded Scout. Scout became closer to Ms. Maudie Atkinson. (Widow Scout describes as chameleon lady, hates her house and gardens. ) Scout and Ms.Maudie talk about the Bible. The 3 kids try to dangle a fishing pole with a note on it saying come out to Boo Radley, but Atticus gets mad. Chapter 6 It is the last day Dill is in Maycomb, and at night they decide to try to catch a glimpse of Boo Radley, but they see a shadow and run away. While they are running, Scout trips and makes a gunshot noise (or Boo shoots not sure) they try to meet at a tree near school but Jem's pants get stuck on a fence and have to lie to the adults that he lost them in strip poker to Dill. During the night he goes and gets them even though Scout tells him not too.Chapter 7 Scout is now in 2nd grade and Jem tells her that the night he went back to Radley Place for his pants, they had been sewed messily and folded like s omeone knew he would come back. They also found a ball of grey string in the hiding spot they discovered. The next day they found 2 pieces of soap with images carved in the shape of a boy & a other in a crude dress. They realize the images carved in are themselves. They are trying to figure out who did it. Two weeks later they find a whole pack of gum. Four days later they found a broken pocket watch with an aluminum knife.They write a thank-you note to the giver, but Nathan Radley had cemented in the whole saying it was dying but it was really healthy. Chapter 8 Scout says her and Jem haven't been obeying their dad, Atticus. Mrs. Radley died but no one really cared. It snows for the first time and Scout is scared because she's never seen snow. They have a snow day and no one but them seems to like the snow. They make a large snow man filled with dirt because they don't have much snow. Ms. Maudie's house catches on fire along with Ms. Rachel's but only Ms. Maudie's burns down. Someh ow a mysterious blanket appears around Scout's shoulders.It is implied that Boo Radley put it there. Jem comes clean about all their secrets. They return Ms. Maudie's hat and hedge clipper that they had borrowed to diguise the snowman. Chapter 9 Scout gets mad because Cecil Jacobs says Atticus defends blacks (in court). Scout keeps trying to get out of going to school. Atticus only tells her yes (he does defend a black) and his name is Tom Robinson (a good friend of Cal's). He doesn't want to tell Scout what the case is. He says he took the case to keep respect. Scout talks about Cousin Ike. Uncle Jack stays with them for a week and gives them air rifles.Then, they visit Finch's landing for Christmas. Francis, her annoying cousin, also gives her trouble over Atticus taking Tom Robinson's case. Chapter 10 Atticus is very old (50) unlike the childrens' classmates. He has a â€Å"boring† Job. He never drinks or anything so he isn't very inconspicous. Atticus says its a sin to ki ll a mockingbird because all they do is sing. Scout tries to shoot Ms. Maudie's butt, so Atticus goes over to warn her. The kids go hunting and find Tim a hurt old dog, so they want to help him, but Cal calls around to warn people about the mad dog.The ops come and everyone locks themselves inside. Someone hands Atticus a gun to shoot the dog but he refuses. He ends up shooting the dog and his kids cannot believe he shot the dog. They find out that Atticus' nickname was old one shot. Ms. Maudie tells the kids he gave up hunting because he thought god gave him an unfair advantage. Chapter 1 1 Jem and Scout hate Mrs. Dubose and think she keeps a pistol concealed, and they tried not to past her house. Atticus says Mrs. Dubose is old and sick and not to let her get to Jem. Jem and Scout go to town to buy himself a little steam engine and Scout a aton.But, Jem gets very mad when she says Atticus isn't any better than the n*ggers he defends. Scout pulls him away. When they walk back home, Mrs. Dubose wasnt on the porch. Jem snatched her baton and ran through her yard and left only when he ruined all of her camellia flower bushes, he broke Scouts baton. Atticus gets mad at Jem for ruining Mrs. Dubose's garden and makes him go apologize to her. Atticus says he couldn't go to church if he didn't take Tim Robinson's case. Mrs. Dubose has Jem clean up her yard and says every saturday he has to work on her yard and every ay except Sundays tor a month ne nas to read to her.Scout describes ner as very ugly. While he was reading, she began to become distant (NOT in a good way). They ask if she is okay. Atticus tells Scout what a n*gger lover is. They realize that the alarm clock has been going off a little later each day. They finally finish all the reading and are very happy. Mrs. Dubose dies and Atticus brings a candy box home from her for Jem. Atticus wrote her will and she broke herself from her morphine addiction right before she died. She died free as the â€Å"mounta in air† the box has a white camellia in it. He yells â€Å"Oh hell devil! Atticus wanted Jem to see how courageous she was and courage isn't a man with a gun it is someone that knows they are going to lose but still goes through with whatever they are doing. Chapter 12 Jem is 12 and Scout realizes she shouldn't bother him. Jem tells her to be a girl. Summer comes and Dill doesn't come because he has a new father that he will be spending time with him. He starts reading the paper and all that. Cal says the kids can go to church with her, they are excited. Everyone is respectful of the group, except for Lulu, who asks why Cal brought white kids to a n*gger church.No instruments or books inside, Just a wooden fan for everyone. Even though the kids have dimes, they take Cal's. The priest introduces them and says, â€Å"you all know their father. † They count the money and say no one can leave until they have $10 to help Tim's family. The priest says that Atticus was the ch urch's best friends. Cal tells Scout that Tim is in Jail for supposedly raping Mr. Ewell's girl. Scout doesn't know what a rape is. The kids find out that no one from the church can read and that Cal's supposed birthday is on christmas. Cal worked on Finch's Landing since she could ork and has always worked for the Finchs.Cal told the kids that she spoke like she was black with her neighbors at church so she wouldn't be out of place. Chapter 13 Aunt Alexandra visits. Her and Atticus decided it would be good for Scout to have a feminine role model. Atticus comes back and tells the kids that he thinks it is a good idea for Auntie to live with them, but Scout knows it was Auntie's idea. She became secretary to a Maycomb club. The town is so small and everyone married in it, so Scout says everyone looks alike. Auntie tells Atticus to do and he does tell the kids to live up to the Finch name.Scout and Jem feels like Atticus isn't the same person, but he changes back because Aunt Alexandr a told him to. Chapter 14 When Jem and Scout are going through town, people keep making comments and someone says something about rape, so when Atticus got home Scout asked him what rape was. Atticus says rape is â€Å"carnal knowledge of a female by force and without consent. † She asks him why Cal wouldn't tell her what rape was if that was all it was. Scout asks if she can go to Cal's house, but Auntie sharply says no. Scout over hears Auntie saying they should get rid of Cal. Scout and Jem brawl but Atticus eparates them.Scout thinks there's a snake under her bed but it turns out to be Dill. He hates his new father and tells them that a nearby farmer had been feeding him. Chapter 1 Dill scout and Jem follow atticus to town where they find him sitting in front of Tom robbinson's Jail cell, he waited until a huge mob of people cam in one of the people being the cunningham father. Scout starts sauing things about mr. Cunningham's son, and she gets the whole entire mob to lea ve tom alone without even realizing that she did so Chapter 16 The kids and Atticus go out in the night. In the morning Atticus says BraxtonUnderwood is a negro-hater, and Aunt Alexandra tells him not to say that infront of Cal, but Atticus says she probably knows and she also knows how much she means to them. Scout has noticed a change in Atticus over the past three days. They talk about how even though Mr. Cunningham was ready to kill Atticus with the mob they are still friends and the mob people are still people otherwise Scout couldn't have stopped them. Scout says when Walter comes back to school she's going to kill him, but Atticus tells her NOT to. Atticus tells the kids not to go downtown that day. (NOTE: pg 218 good quote atticus' parenting and profession)

Kautilya’s arthashastra and war - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 32 Words: 9635 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. Arthashastra Kautilya on War. Kautilya was a proponent of a welfare state but definitely encouraged war for preserving the power of the state. Kautilyas Arthashastra is a book of pure logic, not taking any religious aspect into account. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Kautilyaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s arthashastra and war" essay for you Create order It deals with the various subjects directly and with razor like sharpness. The Arthashastra totally contains 5363 Sutras, 15 books, 150 chapters, and 180 Sections. The 15 Books contained in the Arthashastra can be classified in the following manner: Book 1, as a book on Fundamentals of Management, Book 2 dealing with Economics, Books 3, 4 and 5 on Law, Books 6, 7, 8 describes Foreign Policies. Books 9 to 14 concerns subjects on War. The 15th book deals with the methodology and devices used in writing the Arthashastra. What is interesting to note is that the topic of war is the last subject in the Arthashastra. War is always the last option. However, a war in certain cases is unavoidable, hence, preparation and maintenance of the army, the right moves in the battle field and warfare strategies all are essential in the defence of a country, subjects which Kautilya tackles with the extra sensory precision. Economics in Statecraft and War. Kautilya thought that the possession of power and happiness in a state makes a king superior hence a king should always strive to augment his power. Kautilya propounded that war is natural for a state. He said that, Power is strength and strength changes the minds[2].Economic power has helped shape statecraft. This element of power is very flexible. Thi s aspect of the power is one which Arthashastra concentrates on and has highlighted Artha, the economics of the state in the pursuit of power. The quest for power is driven by the satisfaction of the king and his subjects in all the spheres of material well being and social acceptance. This can be achieved by a progressive and robust economy. A corollary to this fact is that the economics of a state can be used to progress the influence of the state over international issues and also used to augment the war waging potential of the state. Whether a nation has a large or small military, its leadership does understand economics. Economics is a great tool to create conditions for further action or force a nation to change behaviour. There are constraints prevelant in the pursuit of sound economy to further the war waging capability of a state and in turn achieve te power . the resolution of these constraints is the enigma which Kautilya unraveled through Arthashastra. 2. Kautilya presents that for a King to attain these three goals he must create wealth, have armies and should conquer the kingdoms and enlarge the size of his state. This is quite interesting because he in a way does believe that a states superiority is in its military and economic might which is what later philosophers and rulers have followed. In the case of war, Kautilya advocates the King to be closely involved in the science of war. 3. Classifications of War. Kautilya advocated three types of war: Open war, Concealed war and the Silent War[3]. Open war he describes as the war fought between states, concealed war as one which is similar to guerilla war and Silent war which is fought on a continued basis inside the kingdom so that the power of the King does not get diluted. He believed that there were three types of kings who go into warfare and it is important to understand the distinction between the types of kings and the appropriate warfare strategy to be selected. 4. Kautilya propounded that state is not considered a massive entity but as one which combines various internal constituents à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the king , the fortified city ,the countryside, the treasury and the army. The power with which a state can promote its own interests over other states in the neighbourhood depends on how close to ideal the internal constituents are. The four devices Kautilya used for deriving practical advice were: relative power, deviations from the ideal, classification by the type of motivation and the influence of the unpredictable. This is the core what Arthashastra addresses as the endeavour is to resolve all the constraints that arise in the quest of the state to gain ascendency and enhance its power. 5. War fighting tactics. Kautilya was also very harsh in narrating the exact methods of fighting a war and use of various tools to reduce the strength of a state. Kautilya wrote in detail explaining the war strategy because he was a strong proponent of social structure. He vehemently defends the state and believes that religion and morals are supposed to serve the state. In Kautilyas concept of war, chivalry does not have any place and he is a realist. Kautilya in his Arthashastra and believes that war is a means to an end for wealth and stability. He provided the understanding to resolve all the constraints which emerge to achieve the ends. Kautilya has argued that the primary constraint that a state faces is the economic constraints and many a war has been lost for want of resources. The Arthashastra has guided the king in eliminating the constraints, primarily the economic constraints in the furtherance of its interests. The use of economic strength as a means of statess power has also been highlighted by Kautilya. 6. Kautilya also took the societal structure and Kings power as given and never challenged it. His focus was not on war per se but on the strategy and tactics of war which elaborates in his work. In describing his opinion on war, he has been very right in saying that a state which seeks power is in war all the time and economy is the most definitive aspect which governs the quest of the state for power. CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY Statement of the Problem 1. The aim of this paper is to investigate the modus operandi for the resolution of the economic constraints, imposed in an armed conflict during the Arthashastra period and its concurrence in the present times. Justification for the Study 2. Constraints in War. Armed conflict has many facets attached to it and it is not a mere attack and capture as the folklore puts it to be. The constraints as they emerge, from the time of planning of a battle till the time the armies face each other at the outbreak of the hostilities, are what the commander in the battlefield has to counter and work out the resolution of each of the prevalent constraints. The constraints as defined for the evaluation of this research is akin to the risks or uncertainties as they present themselves in the battlefield and which may govern the outcome of the war or the projection of the true power of the nation state. The constraints present as tangible constraints and also intangible blocks which have to be resolved in order to progress the war and ultimately achieve victory. The tangible constraints can be classified as the economic requirements for war effort to sustain and the logistics support required for the armed forces and the intangibles are morale, leadership and the training of the troops. 3. Evaluating Constraints. The fog of war has prompted strategists throughout history to grapple with the concept of constraints/risk and methodologies for its assessment. There will always be uncertainty. It often will be immeasurable. The very nature of war and conflict and the increasingly complex strategic environment ensures that this is so. Is risk/constraint assessment simply the .comfort level that senior planners experience as they assess key variables? [6] Strategic risks then is the probability of failure in achieving a strategic objective at an acceptable cost. The concept is simple to articulate and easy to understand. But, as in war, the simplest things in strategy are the most difficult. 4. Constraints Management Arthashastra . The Arthashastra is essentially a treatise on the art of government and specially focuses on aspects of internal administration and foreign policy. It has been translated as Science of Politics, Treatise on Polity or the Science of Political Economy. These have been translated over time in the subjects of Timeless Laws of Politics, Economy, Diplomacy and War. Kautilyas treatise encapsulates in many ways, the complexity of the modern times with the constraints faced during war being the same as were relevant in older times. The problems that existed then, persist in a more widespread and magnified manner in the contemporary world. The principles of Constraint resolution in the Military strategy followed by Kautilya are also relevant in the contemporary world. Study of Kautilyas war strategy will provide an insight into the knowledge of warfare in ancient India and would also throw up important aspects of the constraints to warfare in the moder n world, besides enhancing understanding and pride in our country and its thinkers. 5. Hypothesis. The growth of the nation state has been based on the gain of the economic power and the shift in the economic potential. This has resulted in the economics of war emerging as the single most important constraint in the war waging potential of a nation state. The concurrence of the economic power with the military power of a nation state has been the cornerstone of the present day world powers. Kautilya in Arthashastra had realised the prominence of economy in the statecraft and the war strategy. How relevant those postulates are in the modern day strength of a nation state? The ability of the state to exert its influence for the furtherance of the national interests has been defined by the resolution of the economic constraints. The military has become the national instrument that can enforce the economic objective and thus the military power of a nation. Therefore the role of the economic power and the resolution of the economic constraints of a nation are primary for the acceptance of a Nation-State as a world power. 6. Scope. The scope of this paper is restricted to study and analysis of the economics of war. The financial constraints in the war potential of the State and the methods adopted by Kautilya to resolve those constraints. The study will attempt to identify possible constraints in the war potential of the State and present the relevance of Arthashastra in constraint management with the modern day constraint resolution. It will be further endeavoured to understand the lacunae in the present day approach and investigate the Arthashastra for solutions. Thereafter, the paper will focus on assessing the perceived link between economic power of the state and the military power and how one is derived from the other. The resolution of the economic constraints as practiced during Kautilyas time and in the modern times will also be discussed. 7. Methods of Data Collection. There are many books written translating the Arthashastra. Modern Warfare strategy has many parallels in the theories as propounded by Kautilya. Research on this topic will be mostly based on the translations of Arthashastra and its relevance with the modern day approach to the resolution of the economic constraints in the war waging potential of the nation state. Sources are likely to include the following:- (a) Books written by eminent authors and translation of the Arthashastra by various authors. (b) Articles in periodicals and Journals. (c) Reports of International strategists and researchers on Arthashastra. (d) Websites featuring proceedings of various conferences and meetings on the subject. (f) Papers published or presented by various organisations on the subject. 8. Organisation of the Dissertation. This study is envisaged to be organised under the following chapters:- (a) Introduction. (b) Methodology. (c) Constraints in warfare à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Drawing parallels with Arthashastra. (d) Arthashastra approach to economics of war. (e) Derivation of Military power from economic power. (f) Resolution of economic constraints to war potential. (g) Conclusion CHAPTER III CONSTRAINTS IN WARFARE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" DRAWING PARALLELS WITH ARTHASHASTRA 1. Interests of the nation state. The behavior of a nation-state is rooted in the pursuit, protection, and promotion of its interests. The interests of the nation state are to be accurately identified to understand much of its behavior vis-ÃÆ'  -vis other states and actors in the international system. All states have common interests like its territory, its people, and its sovereignty. While forces outside their own boundaries affect all countries large and powerful, small and weak, a certain level of sovereignty is critical to the notion of national interests. A country that is unable to exercise effective control over its territory and its peoples, relatively free from the intrusion of other nation-states into its internal affairs, is lacking in this critical element of sovereignty. War is an instrument of national policy, albeit a violent one. 2. Arthashastra view point. Kautilyas Arthashastra was a science of politics intended to teach a wise king how to govern. In this work, Kautilya offers wide-ranging and truly fascinating discussions on war and diplomacy, including his wish to have his king become a world conqueror, his analysis of which kingdoms are natural allies and which are inevitable enemies, his willingness to make treaties he knew he would break, his doctrine of silent war or a war of assassination against an unsuspecting king, his approval of secret agents who killed enemy leaders and sowed discord among them, his view of women as weapons of war, his use of religion and superstition to bolster his troops and demoralize enemy soldiers, the spread of disinformation, and his humane treatment of conquered soldiers and subjects. 3. Kautilya thought there was a science of warfare, presumably part of a larger science of politics. Kautilya advised the king not to leave military matters entirely to others: Infantry, cavalry, chariots and elephants should carry out practice in the arts outside (the city) at sun-rise. The king should constantly attend to that, and should frequently inspect their arts.[9] Open war is obvious, and concealed war is what we call guerrilla warfare, but silent war is a kind of fighting that no other thinker could propound and thus Kautiliya was much ahead of his times and this makes his thinking relevant even today. Silent war is a kind of warfare with another kingdom in which the king and his ministersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ and unknowingly, the peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ all act publicly as if they were at peace with the opposing kingdom, but all the while secret agents and spies are assassinating important leaders in the other kingdom, creating divisions among key ministers and classes, and s preading propaganda and disinformation. 4. Kautilya advised the king that When he is superior in troops, when secret instigations are made (in the enemys camp), when precautions are taken about the season, (and) when he is on land suitable to himself, he should engage in an open fight. In the reverse case, (he should resort to) concealed fighting.[12] 5. Overriding the constraints. Speaking of justice to an enemy about to conquer is the last tactic of the weak, willing to try all tactics, even desperate ones, Kautilya made up a powerful speech to be given by a weak king to the king about to conquer, a speech offering a mixture of moral exhortation and arguments based on the self-interest of the conqueror. In this speech, Kautilya depicted an envoy saying to the conquering king that he should accept a treaty and pay regard to [his] spiritual and material well-being; that conquering a kingdom willing to surrender on reasonable terms is an impious act; that battle is not in the conquering kings self-interest, since to fight with brave men who have given up all hope of life is a rash deed and the conqueror will lose troops and material good; that such a conquest will only unite his enemies all the more; that the conquering kings enemies are only waiting for him to be weakened in order to attack; that he himself is risking death; that war itself in which men on each side die is an impious act; and that he should not listen to enemies masquerading as friends who are giving him false advice as to his real self-interest.[13] Kautilya demonstrated the realities of diplomacy and war as well as the ineffectiveness of moral pleas when confronted by a superior power. Kautilya wanted legions, but he wanted them preceded by elephants, which acted in the ancient world a bit like modern tanks. 6. Kautilya considered the treasury most valuable in raising an army, procuring equipment (including elephants), and preparing for war. After the treasury and the army, Kautilya focused on the importance of the fort, on which depends the treasury, the army, silent war, restraint of ones own party, use of armed forces, receiving allied troops, and warding off enemy troops and forest tribes. And in the absence of a fort, the treasury will fall into the hands of enemies, those with forts are not exterminated.[15] 7. Constraint resolution. Kautilya was consistent in ranking the importance of the treasury, the army, and forts, but it seems that the people, or a popular army, are the most important of all. As he put it, one should seek a fortress with men.[19] 8. Kautilya apparently believed that an army of kshatriyas was best; warriors were supposed to find their highest duty and pleasure by dying in battle. Kautilya clearly argued that sections of the army should consist mostly of persons from the same region, caste or profession. It was a very clever idea to be mooted as common sense, shows that he is suggesting that men of an army should know one another, that an army of friends fighting side by side is the most difficult to defeat. On the subject of the kings location during battle, for example, he wrote: A bare army, without standards, consisting of warriors related as fathers, sons and brothers, should be the place for the king. An elephant or a chariot should be the vehicle for the king, guarded by cavalry. (Kautilya wanted a man who looked like the king to lead the army into battle.) And thus, a kings power, for Kautilya, is in the end tied to the power and popular energy of the people, without which a king can be conquered, for n ot being rooted among his subjects, a king becomes easy to uproot.[20] Although Kautilya wrote of using money to raise an army and even of purchasing heroic men, he was not advocating mercenaries who fought only for pay, but he was merely outlining the cost of paying, supplying, and feeding soldiers. He believed that hereditary troops are better than hired troops; in other words, troops made of men born in the kingdom and thus loyal to the king since birth are better than strangers fighting for money. 9. Contemporary school of thought. While military power may be the primary tool a nation uses to wage war, it is not the only one available. Military power, together with economic and political power, may be used to impose ones will upon an opponent. These other elements of national power, such as economic or political, are linked with military action at the national strategic level and passed to the operational and tactical levels of military actions through constraints or limitations on the use of force. Nevertheless, these other elements of power are not fully integrated at the lower levels of war. In the Marxist tradition, Svechin included the possibility of war on economic and social fronts as well as on a military front. [21] The actions along all fronts must be fully integrated and in accord with the political goals of the struggle. The use of diplomatic efforts to preclude and enemy alliance or a second hostile (military) front and economic efforts to insure sufficient financ ial resources for the conduct of combat operations. 10. While Kautilya had propounded the postulates for constraint management in warfare in the ancient times but the relevance with the contemporary thought is startling. Military power being only one of the instruments of national power has been highlighted by Kautilya and the same thought is holding today. The resolution of the constraints and overriding of the bottlenecks faced by the commander in the battlefield have their genesis in the employment of all the instruments of national power towards conflict resolution and that is why Arthashastra has been regarded as the epitome of statecraft in all the spheres. If decisive military force is used only as a last resort, after extensive diplomatic, economic, political, and even military power short of actual war have failed to break the will of the enemy, a quick and well placed application of military force would leave little opportunity for the implementation of further nonmilitary initiative. One must never lose sight of the overall objective of warfare which is to get the enemy to do ones will. This may be best achieved through a thoughtful and complete linkage of all elements of national power. With that linkage brought down to the operational level, chances for a long-lasting victory will increase dramatically. This is where Arthashastra and the present day war strategy are concomitant. CHAPTER IV ARTHASHASTRA APPROACH TO ECONOMICS OF WAR 1. Economics of the nation state. Economic power has become a very powerful tool to enhance the capabilities of a nation and limit those of an adversary. However, as nations become more intertwined through globalisation, they become more vulnerable to disruptions in their economies, manmade or natural, due to reliance on foreign sources of raw materials, components, finished products, or key services. A nation can also use its economy to try to defeat another power. The nation can use its economic power in attempts to destroy a targets capability to take certain actions or destroy its ability to project power. Although physical defeat of the enemy is more often associated with military operations, economic means are also viable to support the elimination of a nations ability to take certain actions. 2. A nations ability to provide resources to research, develop, and further educate their people can lead to new applications of science and knowledge to solve problems in other words, technology. Technological advances can replace existing weapon and support systems to enhance or expand war fighting capability. Acquiring technology through a nations own human resources or with capital resources can allow the nation to make great leaps in economic progress. 3. Arthashastra view of economy as precursor to military power. Kautilya emphasised that, the three kinds of powers intellectual, compelling, motivating are essentially and unavoidably required to be developed and employed in a manner that they complement each other. None can be used in isolation. According to Kautilya the main aim of any state is to increase ones power, mainly at the cost of the natural enemy. This increase in power is essentially the first step in the realisation of the ambition to conquer the world. However, Kautilya also specifically mentions that the most important factor that must be weighed before starting is the gain expected from the confrontation and the losses likely to be suffered. Normally, the gain that is to accrue should far outweigh the losses in men, animals and expenses in cash and grains. Thus Kautilya professed a thoughtful approach to the cause of expanding ones kingdom and always kept the focus on resolution of the economic constraints in the w ar waging capability of the state. He has also stressed that the king is duty bound to ensure, that the people of his kingdom are happy and content, because, a happy kingdom is likely to be prosperous. He further states that a prosperous and wealthy state is unlikely to succumb to another even in case of a conflict. 4. Kosa or the Treasury. The fifth most important element of the state is the treasury according to Kautilya. All activities of the state depend on finance and therefore sufficient attention needs to be given to the treasury. Kautilya considered the treasury most valuable in raising an army, procuring equipment (including elephants), and preparing for war. After the treasury and the army, Kautilya focused on the importance of the fort, on which depends the treasury, the army, silent war, restraint of ones own party, use of armed forces, receiving allied troops, and warding off enemy troops and forest tribes. Kautilya lays down various causes that may contribute to the growth or reduction of the treasury. Kautilya says The wealth of the state shall be one acquired lawfully either by inheritance or by the kings own efforts. He further adds that the treasury should be rich enough to withstand any calamity especially when the state has no income for a long time. 5. Managing the economy for power Arthashastra approach. Management of the state necessitated realism, not idealism. It required the prudence and precise calculation of measures undertaken alongside their short and long-term consequences, which formulated the theoretical beginnings of economics: Wealth will slip away from that childish man who constantly consults the stars: the only guiding star of wealth is itself; what can the stars of the sky do? Man, without wealth, does not get it even after a hundred attempts. Just as elephants are needed to catch elephants, so does wealth capture more wealth.[22] Public welfare was contingent upon the strength of the state. The latter was achieved by internal development or territorial expansion, both of which were realized through power.[24] Hence, the prime motive of the state was the never-ending pursuit of artha. It is only after dedicating its energies to this end, can the state or king then move on to fulfilling dharma and kama. As such, the Arthashastra provides extensive coverage on the overall economy, which includes: infrastructure (roadwork, irrigation, forestry, and fortification), weights and measurements, labor and employment, commerce and trade, commodities and agriculture, land use and property laws, money and coinage, interest rates and loan markets, tariffs and taxes, and government expenditures and the treasury. The high level of detail dedicated to these areas demonstrates the remarkable organisation and centralisation of the state idealised in the Arthashastra, and it also supports the view that the information contained in the text is a compilation of works that have endured over long periods of trial and er ror. 6. The Arthashastra is surprisingly calculated on every minute detail and economic function à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the exact number of panas[25] is provided for every salaried position, legal ramification, commodity, and livestock. Economics was regulated through such central planning and the highly detailed attempts at identifying the optimal amount for every economic function stresses this constant strive towards efficiently improving the overall utility and welfare of society. Along with prudence and careful calculation, the state is advised to be extremely active or energetic in managing the economy, as the Arthashastra states that, The root of material well-being is activity, of material disaster its reverse. In the absence of activity, there is certain destruction of what is obtained and of what is not yet received. By activity reward is obtained, and one also secures abundance of riches.Similarly, a different verse in the same chapter advocates the direction of such activity towar ds improving public welfare. Though seemingly liberal and humanitarian, this too had a very important economic basis. Hence, dedicating resources to the lower rungs of society also strengthened the peripheries of the state, which in turn actuated territorial expansion. Furthermore, providing amenities for the poor masses indirectly stimulated population growth, and thus, the overall growth of the state and economy in the long run. Hence, there is a lot of truth in the verses in which the Arthashastra states that it is the people who constitute a kingdom; like a barren cow, a kingdom without people yields nothing. The emphasis on population growth for indirectly achieving economic prosperity is also hinted elsewhere in the text, in which the Arthashastra strongly prohibits premarital sex and adultery and instead encourages fertility via rewards and punishments framed within the legal system. Central planning was directed towards maintaining stability, order, and efficiency in the eco nomy. 7. Kautilyas Principle and Aim of Economy Artha can therefore be summed up as Peace can be maintained by making war difficult and costly for the enemy through the balance of power achieved through alliances. 8. Contemporary perspective. Whilst the basis of exerting power of any country has been that of expansion in the last twenty odd years the focus has shifted from territorial expansion to one of economic expansion. There are a number of examples of countries or coalitions trying to exert pressure on other countries to ensure the protection of their own economic interests. The engagements between all the countries of the world bear testimony to the fact that almost all parties have been trying to protect their own interests in dealing with others. The principles enumerated by Kautilya in his policy of Samdhi or Treaty have almost universal application today. Countries today are indulging in more and more treaties or accords than ever before to safeguard their own interests. 9. Kautilya also mentions that war should be declared as a last resort and that all other means like sama, dana, and bheda (conciliation, gifts/bribes, dissension) should be implemented towards averting war. In other words Kautilya prefers putting pressure on the enemy without breaking the peace. These very principles have been laid down in Chapter I of the United Nations Charter, where article I states To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace. 10. This brings forth the justification of the well being of the society as the predominant factor since the ancient times till date. Also, the diversion of the resources meant for the well being of the society towards the war waging potential without the exploitation of all the options towards resolution is being despised upon. This was relevant during Kautilyas times and is as relevant today. Though economy is a major constraint in the war waging potential of a nation state, and all efforts are made by the state to strengthen this instrument of national power prior to gaining the military ascendency, it is also proving to be a major restraint in controllong the expansionist attitude of states since ancient times. CHAPTER V DERIVATION OF MILITARY POWER FROM ECONOMIC POWER 1. Economic power. Economic power can be defined broadly as the capacity to influence other states through economic means. It is composed of a countrys industrial base, natural resources, capital, technology, geographic position, health system and education system. 2. Military power. Military power is the capacity to use force or the threat of force to influence other states. Components of military power include number of divisions, armaments, organisation, training, equipment, readiness, deployment and morale. 3. Power is an elusive concept. In the historical perspective, military power has been paramount and economic power a luxury. This has slowly changed to the point that the two roles have become interchangeable. A countrys military capability is derived from its economic capacity. A countrys economic capacity also determines it capability to exert and maintain its political, social and economic independence in the world and hence a force. Economic power does not translate directly into military power but the material basis of military strength has traditionally been a starting point for assessments of military potential, and economic capacity has been treated as a necessary condition for the ability to inflict significant harm since the advent of the industrial age. 4. Wealth may result from military power or from influence over opinion, just as either of these may result from wealth. In former times, military power was isolated; with the consequence that victory or defeat appeared to depend upon the leadership qualities of commanders. In the present times, it is common to treat economic power as the source. To revert to the analogy of physics: power, like energy, must be regarded as continually passing from any one of its forms into any other. The attempt to isolate any one form of power, more especially, in our day, the economic form, has been, and still is, a source of errors of great practical importance. While it is possible to convert military power back into economic power peacefully, the cost is largely prohibitive. Forceful use of military power to build economic power is extremely risky and can have counterproductive side effects in the form of economic sanctions. Military power is also extremely difficult to sustain without correspond ing levels of economic power. For it is economic power that allows military power to be built up in the first place. 5. The traditional distinction between hard power and soft power is not entirely persuasive. Traditionally the test of a great power was strength for war. Over the centuries, as technologies evolved, the sources of power have shifted. Today, the foundations of power have been moving away from the emphasis on military force and moving towards the economic potency of a state. In the industrial age, a positive relationship has commonly been assumed to exist between the ability to sustain military force and the economic foundations of power. This is evident from a brief examination of the evolution of industrial-age operational theory regarding the targeting of the economic base of an enemy. Attacking the states economic base is a viable means of disabling an opponent. 6. The hard-soft distinction, though, is deceptive on several grounds. The words tend to imply that hard is good and soft is bad.[26] Yet in practice, policymakers believe the reverse: if they can prevail through the exercise of soft power, that is much better than having to apply, for instance, military muscle. Economic power is the foundation of military power. It is just as important to set the agenda in world affairs and attract others as it is to force them to change through the threat or use of military weapons. This aspect of power is soft power getting people to want what you want. 7. Economics is a vital element as a part of security discussions. A government can use an instrument or combination of instruments of power to persuade, coerce, or defeat an adversary.[27] A nation could try to persuade or use influence to change what a power might believe or value. Similarly, a country might want to change certain of its adversarys behaviors. A state could then use coercion to force modifications of selected behaviors. Finally, the nations government might try to eliminate another powers ability to take certain actions or capabilities through defeating them in some endeavor. Economics can be used in all three cases independently or along with political, military, and informational elements of power. 8. Arthashastra view of economy. The Arthashastra is a book based on pure logic, Anveshiki. Kautilya has considered both the differing viewpoints of the extremes before reaching any decision. Edward de-Bono, the world-renowned thinker of Lateral Thinking said, The most intelligent man is the one who can look at two different contradictory viewpoints at the same time and arrive at his own decision. This is the quality that a leader has to develop when there are people coming to him with contradictory viewpoints. The book is based on logical discussions taking into consideration all kinds of ideas of various Acharyas. 9. A king prevents deterioration in his position and secures an improvement (a desire for which is a built-in feature of the system) in two ways: by attention to the elements of his power, and by built-in feature of the system) in two ways: by attention to the elements of his power, and by external action. Kautilya enjoins the ruler to attention to the elements of his power, investment: a wise king adopts policies that add to the resources of his country and enable him to build forts, to construct buildings and commercial roads, to open new plantations and villages, to exploit mines and timber and elephant forests, and at the same time to harass similar works of the enemy. 10. Kautilya describes gift as the planned redistribution of incomes and resources in relation to domestic politics; and in relation to international politics, foreign aid. In the entire treatise about Gift as an instrument of policy of a traditional agrarian society he remarks; Gifts are a means of (favorably) influencing the disaffected[32] . Gifts and conciliation should be used to subdue weak kings, and dissension and threats against strong kings. Such gifts might include grants of land and girls in marriage, and the creation of a climate of security and freedom from fear . 11. Kautilya considered the treasury as the most valuable element of state for preparation of war. All activities of the state depend on finance and therefore sufficient attention needs to be given to the treasury. The Arthashastra regards economics as zero-sum game: the state would need to prosper economically lest it be overtaken by wealthier imperialist neighbors or suffer from internal rebellion by discontented government officials and military leaders. CHAPTER VI RESOLUTION OF ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS TO WAR POTENTIAL 1. Military power, together with economic and political power, may be used to impose ones will upon an opponent. Other elements of national power, such as economic or political, are linked with military action at the national strategic level and passed to the operational and tactical levels of military actions through constraints or limitations on the use of force. The armed forces responsible for conducting portions of the campaign must be adequately resourced. Unfortunately, future wars will most likely be fought under substantial resource constraints. Many of these resources are used by more than one element of national power. The national policy should encompass that this potentially divisive issue of resource sharing is addressed early on. Thus the transformation of the economic strength of a nation state to military power is a solution which needs to be developed in a cooperative atmosphere and thus support the overall national power strategy. Arthashastra provided the laws of the land required to achieve unity of effort in the economic progress of the state by the resolution of the economic constraints and thus augment the military strength. 2. In practice, implementing engagement relies heavily on the manipulation on the economic elements of national power, primarily in the areas of trade and finance, to influence the behavior of other states. Engagement uses economic interdependence, or mutual dependence, to create ties that, in theory, should bind states together. Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, the analysts of Soft Power,suggest that economic interdependence should be understood in terms of the power to influence, or the effects on each state of their trade linkages. Indeed, as many scholars have indicated, states have long recognized the truth that power generally flows from asymmetrical (or imbalanced) interdependence.[34] At its core, economic statecraft is founded on the principle of asymmetrical power. 3. The Arthasastra gives an important place to economic statecraft and coercion for purposes of maintaining order. It says that the means of ensuring the pursuit of philosophy, the three Vedas and economics (arth) is the rod; the administration of the rod constitutes the discipline of politics, (dandaniti), having for its purpose the acquisition, preservation, augmentation and bestowal of things. On it is dependent the orderly maintenance of worldly life. Kautilya adds that, if the rod is not utilised, it gives rise to the law of fishes; for, the stronger swallows the weak. 4. The State of the Arthashastra is unique among those of antiquity for engaging in commodity production on a large scale. There are separate agencies for looking after production in mines factories, forests and fields. There is a money economy, mainly in the towns. The high degree of division of labour is indicated by the existence of separate agencies for the maintenance of order; collection of taxes; supervision of production; regulation of trade, weights and measures; maintenance of foreign relations; management of armed forces consisting of infantry, cavalry, chariots and elephants; and administration of justice. In addition, there are agencies for managing the total revenue and expenditure, storage and censuses. Hierarchy is clearly indicated bv the mention of several levels of work. 5. The Arthashastra defines its subject as being the attainment and protection of the earth, the earth in turn being defined as the source of the livelihood of men[35] . This fusion of economic and political aspects is a highly significant characteristic of the State of the Arthashastra. It performs the political functions of holding in balance two exploiting classes, enforcing discipline on the labour class, and maintaining, relations with other kings. Economically, it is the main land clearing agency, by far the greatest land- owner, and the principal owner of organised industry and the greatest producer of commodities. 6. Kautilya provided the much wider significance of artha than merely wealth. The state or government has a crucial role to play in maintaining the material well being of the nation and its people. Therefore an important part of Arthashastra is the Science of economics. The aim of the pursuing successful economic policies particularly through productive enterprises is also to increase revenue of the state and appropriate surplus for the state treasure[36]. This surpluses were the means of ensuring the war potential of the state, be it through the economic strength of the state or by the conversion of the economic well being of the state into the military might through the resolution of the economic constraints. 7. Kautilya did not distinguish between the wealth of the sovereign and that of his subjects. IN his proposals of the rules and practices by which a king will rule successfully Kautilya explicitly recognises the engagement of the states through international trade (trade amongst kingdoms). The trade in goods and services apart from being the major vehicle for increasing wealth of the state also is a means of engagement which prove to be a deterrent or a means of coercion through the economic channel of diplomacy. 8. Arthashastra enunciated his views in gaining economic superiority through international trade, principles of taxation and the labour theory of value. All these theories postulated by Kautilya were with the aim of economic property of the state thus resolving the economic constraints to war waging potential and concurrently gain ascendancy to further the interests of the state. In proposing the economic policies Kautilya was very careful in so as not to burden the state itself. He anticipated the importance of conducting trade in accordance with the principles of comparative advantage and that imports are as important as exports in promoting the nations economic development and growth. He proposed an ideal system of taxation whose burden will be borne fairly and which distorts the economic decision making as little as possible, thus ensuring smooth flow of economic resources to the power potential of the state and in turn enhancing the war waging potential. 9. Kautilya was far ahead of his time in developing the labour theory of value to determine the just wage for the workers and ensuring that this is revised with the economic well being of the state. He explicitly recognised that the value of labour depends on the skills employed, time spent on the job and the amount of the output produced. This was very crucial in motivating the subjects to contribute maximum to the well being of the state and in turn the state ensuring the material well being of the subjects. 10. It is clear that a states engagement policies are built on the basic theoretical assumption that economic sensitivity and vulnerability in the target state will ensue from any asymmetrical trade linkages that favor the state. This assumption may be theoretically true in purely economic terms, but it is less relevant (if not erroneous) in terms of practical statecraft, the arena where economics and politics are inextricably linked. In other words, when engaging a state, during the critical risk assessment phase, the question should be asked: What impact will policy changes have inside the own state itself? 11. Arthashastra addressed both these presumptions by the way of ensuring the tangible economic growth in the state to further its military assets and motivation amongst the subjects of the state to resolve the economic constraints within which might affect the power augmentation of the state. In rethinking engagement, a keener understanding of, and greater respect for, any given opponent states ends, ways, and means for influencing the own state policy must be considered seriously by own decision makers, the guidance to which was amply provided by Kautilya. CHAPTER VII CONCLUSION 1. The very nature of war and conflict ensures that a degree of ambiguity, uncertainty, and, yes, risk will exist in any developed strategy. Clausewitz devotes the central theme of On War to this very premise; Clausewitz was not the only one to recognize the subjective nature of war, but he was the first to mark that characteristic as preeminent. Throughout his work, there are allusions to chance, luck, guesswork, uncertainty, probabilities, and so on. 2. Despite this uncertainty, there is comfort in the knowledge that others have navigated these waters before. The challenge is to somehow structure or frame the strategic problem to minimize the unknown or more importantly, to account for it. The effective strategist strives for the .closest approximation of the truth, knowing that full knowledge is impossibility. 3. An education in strategic subjects, followed by continuous historical study to maintain mental suppleness, combined with vicarious experience through exercise, and actual experience, all contribute to acquiring the skills necessary for finding the .closest approximation of the truth. Acknowledging the theoretical uncertainties inherent in war, conflict, and policy and strategy development is an important, if unsatisfying, step in understanding constraint assessment. It allows a better framing of the strategic puzzle. It is simply a matter of knowing what is not known in order to make better use of what is known 4. The simple definition of constraint as an imbalance in ends, ways, and/or means is straightforward but clearly incomplete. How does one measure the degree of constraint in any particular strategic endeavor? This is the heart of the dilemma. 5. The economic element of national power has two faces: one as a dominant element of power and the other as a source of potential susceptibility to the nation. Economic activity provides a potent source of power that includes the ability to produce goods and services, influence, a tool to weaken a possible foe, and an objective to protect in terms of a national asset. Conversely, economics is also a source of vulnerability or weakness for a nation. The nation can exist without international trade; however, the standard of living for its citizens and its wealth would certainly suffer. Economics, thus plays a predominant role in determining the power equation of the nation states in the world and as a corollary the economics of the war waging potential or the ability of the nation to influence the proceedings is largely dependent on the economic strength. This can also be viewed in the light of the ability of the state to overcome or resolve the economic constraints in the war waging potential.Economics is simply the study of the use of constrained resources. One of national leaderships main concerns involves the acquisition of additional resources or trying to maximize the use of the nations resources. In this respect, the nation state tries to expand its ability, within these constrained resources, to make goods and services and extend its access around the world to get more. A basic understanding of the scope of the nations economic power will help the reader think about how the country can use it along with other elements of power, political, military, and informational. The research addresses what makes an economy strong and how the nation can use its economic power to overcome the economic constraints to the war waging potential as illustrated in the Arthashastra by Kautilya to further its national interests. 6. A state can use an instrument or combination of instruments of power to persuade, coerce, or defeat an adversary. A nation could try to persuade or use influence to change what a power might believe or value. Similarly, a country might want to change certain of its adversarys behaviors. A state could then use coercion to force modifications of selected behaviors. Finally, the nations government might try to eliminate another powers ability to take certain actions or capabilities through defeating them in some endeavor. Economics can be used in all three cases independently or along with political, military, and informational elements of power. Kautilya in Arthashastra has provided for all the economic means to cater for these cases. 7. Arthashastra by Prof L N Rangarajan explicitly deals with all the aspects of statecraft as linked to the economic activities of the state. The principles of Economic administration[40] have been explained to the minutest of details by Kautilya .The importance renderd to Artha over Dharma and Kama being the three pillars of statecraft is evidence enough of the part that economics plays in the state. 8. The economic well being of the state intrusively is the bedrock of the military might of the nation. The examples of Japan and more recently China have reestablished the postulates as enunciated by Kautilya. This is the stepping stone towards resolution of all the economic constraints which a state might encounter in its quest for power. Economics is an instrument of power but also the source of the other instruments of power like the military and diplomacy. Kautilyas Principle and Aim of economics can therefore be summed up as Peace can be maintained by making war difficult and costly for the enemy through the balance of power achieved through alliances. 9. Kautilya also mentions that war should be declared as a last resort and that all other means like sama, dana, and bheda (conciliation, gifts/bribes, dissension) should be implemented towards averting war. In other words Kautilya prefers putting pressure on the enemy without breaking the peace and this can be successful only be resolution of all the constraints primarily the economic constraints to the war waging potential of a state. 10. It is interesting to note that in the 4th century BC, Kautilya had realised that prosperity and safety were completely interlinked. He therefore advised the King to look after his subjects and states that in their happiness lies the Kings happiness. He opines that a state with a contended and satisfied population is more likely to be a strong and powerful state capable of maintaining its sovereignty rather than a state wherein the people are unhappy. Kautilya classified the work force into three broad categories: Knowledge workers (including advisers), production workers (farmers and others) and the soldiers. He implicitly proposed a virtuous model of economic growth in which, income, governance, knowledge and ethical conduct were determined endogenously which contributed to the realization of power of a state and thus further its interests. 11. Kautilya believed that national sovereignty was a prerequisite for economic prosperity. So he gave the highest priority to national security since only freedom from foreign rule gave the freedom to pursue economic and spiritual goals. Therefore, he asserted, An enemys destruction shall be brought about even at the cost of great losses in men, material and wealth (7.13).[43] This model of constraint management is followed till date and has been the initiation of determining the potential of states in the power quest. 12. There are two critical roles played by foresightedness: (i) to foresee and devise preventive and remedial measures in advance of the possible occurrences of constraints or adversities, and (ii) to recognize the interaction between self-protection and self insurance measures, that is, adjusting remedial measures in the light of the preventive measures. Kautilya emphasized the first role of foresightedness but it is doubtful that he understood the second role. Kautilya recommended that the king should be tireless in his efforts to see beforehand the occurrence of a constraint or disaster. Note ,foresightedness and forecasting are complementary, since foresightedness helps in finding long-term and reliable solutions whereas forecasting helps in devising immediate remedial measures. Kautilya stated, All state activities depend first on the Treasury. Therefore, a King shall devote his best attention to it. A King with a depleted Treasury eats into the very vitality of the citizens and the country.[44] 13. It is interesting to note that Kautilya has spelt out a large number of rules and procedures for his King so as to be successful and be able to expand his kingdom. If one considers the 4th century BC King to be a elected Head of State in the 21st century and then draws parallels whilst considering the impact of technology, especially that in the information age, it is evident that the dictums of Kautilya are as valid today as they were in his times. Kautilya has essentially laid down the ground rules for humanity as a whole to be prosperous and satisfied, till such time that the basic nature of human being changes the dictums of Kautilya are unlikely to be irrelevant even in the days to follow. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Rangarajan L N Kautilya Arthashastra Penguin Books, 1992 2. Kangle R. P. Kautilya The Arthasastra Part II , 2d ed., translation., Delhi: Motilal Banardisass, 1992. 3. Kangle.R P Kautilya- The Arthasastra Part III, A Study. Bombay: Registrar, University of Bombay,1965 4. Banarsidas Motilal, Chandragupta Mauraya and his times, Delhi,1988. 5. Parmar, Aradhana, Techniques of statecraft: A study of Kautilayas Arthashastra, Atmaram and Sons , Delhi ,1987. 6. Boesche Roger Kautilyas ArthaņºÃƒâ€ž?stra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India The Journal of Military History, Vol. 67, No. 1 (Jan., 2003), pp. 9-37 https://www.jstor.org/stable/3093167 , 03 Nov 09. 7. Modelski George Kautilya: Foreign Policy and International System in the Ancient Hindu World The American Political Science Review, Vol. 58, No. 3 Sep., 1964, pp. 549-560, American Political Science Association Stable https://www.jstor.org/stable/1953131,15 Dec 2009 8. Brown D. Mackenzie The Premises of Indian Political Thought, The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 2 Jun., 1953, pp. 243-249 University of Utah on behalf of the Western Political Science Association,https://www.jstor.org/stable/442160, 18 Dec 09 9. Waldauer Charles, Zahka William J and Pal Surendra , Kautilyas Arthashastra à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" A neglected precursor to classical economics ,Indian Economic review Vol XXXI No. 1 1996 pp 101-108 10. Islam Sayem , The Arthashastra-Insights on Statecraft and Reflections of Ancient Indian Society 11. Deva Satya, State and Bureaucracy in Kautilyas Arthasastra ,Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 19, No. 19 May 12, 1984, pp. 811-815 https://www.jstor.org/stable/4373251, 21Dec 09. 12. Lemire Major Judith K. Towards an Integrated Campaign Plan: The Use of Political, Economic, and Military Elements of National Power at the Operational Level of War,1993, School of Advanced Military Studies, United States Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. 13. Kamath M.V, Kautilya for the 21st Century ,Book review Dr Narayanacharya K.S.and. Relevance of Kautilya for Today, 24 Dec 09 14. Summary on Kautilyas Arthashastra: Its Contemporary Relevance Publshied by Indian Merchants Chamber, 2004. 24 Dec 09. 15. Boone Bartholomees J., jr., Guide to national security policy and strategy, U.S. Army War College, July 2004, 30 Dec 09 16. Message from: akmal00, The teachings of Kautilyas Arthashastra, Post Date: 18/05/2008 , [emailprotected]/* */,[emailprotected]/* */, 30 Dec 09. 17. Nye Joseph S., Jr.The Changing Nature of World Power,Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 105, No. 2 (Summer, 1990), pp. 177-192 The Academy of Political Science https://www.jstor.org/stable/2151022, 30 Dec 09 [1] Roger Boesche, Kautilyas Arthashastra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India, 2003, p15.Roger Boesche is Professor of Politics and Arthur G. Coons Professor of the History of Ideas at Occidental College in Los Angeles. His most recent book is The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra. [2] Max Weber Politics as a vocation in Weber, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, p 212-25. Ethics of Responsibility was a type advocated by in his lecture. [3] Boesche. Op cit. , pp 22. [4] Henry C. Bartlett, G. Paul Holman, Jr., and Timothy E. Somes, .The Art of Strategy and Force Planning,. in Strategy and Force Planning : RI: Naval War College Press,1995), p. 20. [5] John M. Collins, Grand Strategy: Principles and Practices Annapolis MD: Naval Institute Press, 1973, p. 5. [6] B. H. Liddell Hart, Strategy, 2nd ed. (New York: Meridian, 1991), p. 322-323. [7] Kautilya, The Arthasastra, 2d ed., and trans. R. P. Kangle, Part II of The Kautiliya Arthasastra (Delhi: Motilal Banardisass, 1992), book 5, chapter 3, line 35-36, page 304 Kautilya Arthashastra, 5.3.35à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"36: pp. 304 [8] Ibid. 5.3.47: pp305 [9] Ibid. 7.6.17: pp339. [10] Ibid. 10.3.1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"2: pp 438 [11] Ibid. 12.1.32: pp 462. [12] Ibid. 12.17à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"32: pp 461à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"62; 12.2.8à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"33: pp 462à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"64 [13] Ibid. 12.2.1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"7: pp462. [14] Ibid. 8.1.38à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"40: pp388 [15] Ibid. 7.10.33: pp355. [16] Ibid. 7.15.11: pp370 [17] Ibid. 7.14.18à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"19: pp368 [18] Ibid. 9.2.21à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"24: pp412 [19] Ibid. 7.11.23à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"25: pp357 [20] Ibid. 8.2.18: pp392 [21] Aleksandr A. Svechin, Strategy, (Minneapolis: East View Publications, 1992), p. 84. [22] L N Rangarajan, Kautilya: The Arthashastra, 1992, Penguin Books, p 637. [23] Ibid. pp 559. Strength is power; happiness is the objective of using power. Power and success are interrelated. Power is of three kinds; so is the success resulting from its use a prosperous treasury and a strong army provide physical power [24] L N Rangarajan, Kautilya: The Arthashastra, 1992, Penguin Books, p 117. [25] Ibid. pp 109-110.The coin most often mentioned in the Arthashastra is the pana. Rangarajan states that the value of a pana in relation to the cost of living is in (5.3.34); an annual salary of 60 panas could be substituted by an adhaka of grain per day, enough for four meals for one Arya male (2.15.43) given the fact of a cash wage of 5 panas a month for the lowest paid, the pana was, indeed, a valuable coin. [26] Joseph S. Nye, Jr The Changing Nature of World Power Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 105, No. 2 (Summer, 1990), pp. 177-192 [27] David E. Johnson, Karl P. Mueller, and William H. Taft, V. Conventional Coercion Across the Spectrum of Operations RND Corporation, 2002. [28] R. Shamasastry,Translation of Kautilyas Arthasastra, 4th edition Book I Chap 13 Mysore, 1951. [29] Ibid. Book II Chap 10 [30] Ibid Book IX Chap 5 [31] Ibid Book IX Chap 6 [32] Ibid Book IX Chap 6 [33] Albert Hirschman, National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1945). [34] Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence (3d. ed.; New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 2000),pp. 10-11. [35] R P Kangle translation of Kautilya Arthashastra Arthashastra Book XV Chapter I [36] LN Rangarajan Kautilaya The Arthashastra 1992 Penguin Books p 13 [37] L N Rangarajan Kautilya Arthashastra Penguin books 1992 p. 56-57 [38] Ibid. pp 2 [39] Ibid. pp 125 [40] Ibid. pp 200-211 [41] Ibid. pp 541 [42] Ibid. pp 149 [43] Ibid pp 116 [44] Ibid pp 253