The XYZ Affair Dispute Between France and the U.S.

The XYZ Affair was a dispute between diplomats from France and the United States in 1797 and 1798, during the early days of the presidential administration of John Adams that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War. Peace was quickly restored when the U.S. and France agreed on the Convention of 1800, also known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine. The dispute’s name comes from the letters used by President Adams to refer to the French diplomats: Jean Hottinguer (X), Pierre Bellamy (Y), and Lucien Hauteval (Z). Key Takeaways: The XYZ Affair The XYZ Affair was a serious diplomatic dispute between France and the United States in 1797 and 1798 that led to the undeclared war between the nations known as the Quasi-War.The name of the affair comes from the letters X, Y, and Z used by U.S. President John Adams to refer to the names of three of the French diplomats involved.The dispute and Quasi-War were resolved by the Convention of 1800, also known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine. Background In 1792, France went to war with Britain, Austria, and several other European monarchies. U.S. President George Washington had directed America to remain neutral. However, France, angered by the United States’ conclusion of Jay’s Treaty with Great Britain in 1795, began seizing American ships transporting goods to their enemies. In response, President John Adams sent U.S diplomats Elbridge Gerry, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and John Marshall to France in July 1797 with orders to restore harmony. Far from brokering peace, the U.S. envoys soon found themselves embroiled in the XYZ Affair. Jay's Treaty Had Angered France Ratified in 1795, Jay’s Treaty between the United States and Great Britain peacefully resolved issues lingering after the Treaty of Paris of 1783 had ended the American Revolutionary War. The treaty also facilitated a decade of peaceful trade between the United States and Britain during the height of the bloody French Revolutionary Wars. Having just helped the U.S. defeat the British in its own revolution, France was deeply angered by Jay’s Treaty. In the United States, the treaty divided Americans, contributing to the creation of America’s first political parties, the pro-Treaty Federalists and the anti-Treaty Anti-Federalists or Democratic Republicans. The XYZ Negotiations: A Bad Time Was Had by All Even before they sailed for Paris, American diplomats Gerry, Pinckney, and Marshall were not optimistic. Like others in the Adams administration, they viewed the French government—the Directory—as a source of such extreme decadence and intrigue that it would stand in the way of accomplishing their mission. Sure enough, as soon as they arrived, the American trio was told they would not be allowed to meet face-to-face with the French Foreign Minister and chief diplomat, the flamboyant and unpredictable Maurice de Talleyrand. Instead, they were met by Talleyrand’s intermediaries, Hottinguer (X), Bellamy (Y), and Hauteval (Z). Also stirring the pot was French playwright Pierre Beaumarchais, who had helped funnel much-needed French money to the United States during the American Revolution. X, Y, and Z told the Americans that Talleyrand would meet with them only if they agreed to satisfy three conditions: The United States had to agree to provide France with a substantial low-interest loan.The United States had to agree to pay all claims of damages filed against France by owners of American merchant ships seized or sunk by the French Navy.The United States had to pay a bribe of 50,000 British pounds directly to Talleyrand, himself. While the U.S. envoy was aware that diplomats from other nations had paid bribes in order to deal with Talleyrand, they were shocked and doubted that any such concessions on their part would result in substantial changes in French policy. In reality, Talleyrand had intended to end the French attacks on U.S. merchant shipping all along, but only after increasing his personal wealth and political influence within the French Directory government. In addition, Talleyrand’s intermediaries, X, Y, and Z, having invested heavily in U.S. businesses themselves, wanted to preserve peace. However, emboldened by France’s victories in its ongoing war with Britain, X, Y, and Z increased the amount of the requested U.S. loan and even threatened a military invasion of America if the U.S. diplomats refused to agree. When the U.S. diplomats held their ground and refused to agree to the French demands, Talleyrand finally met with them. While he dropped his demands for a loan and a bribe, he refused to put an end to French seizures of American merchant ships. While Americans Pinckney and Marshall prepared to leave France, Elbridge Gerry decided to remain, hoping to avert an outright war. President John Adams Reaction to the XYZ Affair As he read the disheartening reports from Gerry, Pinckney, and Marshall, President Adams prepared for war with France. While pro-war Federalists urged Congress to support him, Democratic-Republican leaders distrusted his motives and demanded that he make the diplomatic correspondence from Paris public. Adams agreed, but knowing the sensitivity of the contents, he redacted the names of Talleyrand’s intermediaries, replacing them with the letters X, Y, and Z. He also used the letter W to refer to Nicholas Hubbard, an Englishman employed by a Dutch bank who took part in the latter stages of the negotiations. Though Adams prepared for war, he never officially declared it. In France, Talleyrand, realizing the risks of his actions, sought to restore diplomatic relations with America and the U.S. Congress agreed to negotiate directly with the French Directorate. Meanwhile, in the Caribbean, the U.S. Navy had started fighting French forces commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte attempting to defeat Toussaint L’Ouverture, leader of the Haitian independence movement. The Convention of 1800 By 1799, Napoleon had come to power in France and was focused on recovering the North American Louisiana territory from Spain. Talleyrand, retained by Napoleon as Foreign Minister, was trying to prevent further hostilities with the U.S. The British, still at war with France, were thrilled with the growing anti-French sentiment in the U.S. and offered to help the Americans fight their common foe. However, President Adams was convinced that if France had really wanted an all-out war it would have responded to America’s attacks on French ships in the Caribbean. For his part, Talleyrand, also fearing the costs of a full-scale war, hinted that he would meet with a new American diplomat. Despite the public’s and the Federalists’ desire for war, Adams sent not one, but three peace negotiators—William Vans Murray, Oliver Ellsworth, and William Richardson Davie—to France. In March 1800, American and French diplomats finally convened in Paris to hammer out a peace agreement. After first annulling the 1778 Treaty of Alliance, they reached a new agreement based on the original Model Treaty of 1776 that would become known as the Convention of 1800.  Ã‚   The agreement peacefully ended the 1778 alliance between the United States and France while releasing France from any financial responsibility for damages to U.S. shipping and commerce since the start of the French Revolution. The specific terms of the Convention of 1800 included: The Quasi-War was to end.France agreed to return captured American ships.U.S. agreed to compensate its citizens for damages inflicted by France on American shipping (damages totaled $20 million; U.S. paid $3.9 million to heirs of original claimants in 1915).The Franco-American Alliance was terminated.U.S. and France granted each other most-favored-nation status.U.S. and France reestablished commercial relations on terms similar to those outlined in Franco-American Alliance. It would not be for nearly 150 more years that the United States would enter into another formal alliance with a foreign country: the Montevideo Convention was ratified in 1934. Sources Stinchcombe, William (1980). â€Å"The XYZ Affair.† Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313222344.Berkin, Carol. â€Å"A Sovereign People: The Crises of the 1790s and the Birth of American Nationalism.† New York: Basic Books, 2017.DeConde, Alexander. â€Å"The Quasi-War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France, 1797-1801.† New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1966.Kuehl, John W. â€Å"Southern Reaction to the XYZ Affair: An Incident in the Emergence of American Nationalism.† Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 70, no. 1 (1972)Lyon, E. Wilson (September 1940). â€Å"The Franco-American Convention of 1800.† The Journal of Modern History.

World War Ii and Hitler - 8135 Words

World War Two Causes Information and Activity Worksheets Ages 11 - 14 H Y Wheeler Worksheets This booklet has been printed and sold by History on the Net to be used as a teaching resource The purchaser is entitled to photocopy these pages for personal, educational or non-profit usage provided that the copyright notice is not removed The copyright of this booklet and its contents remains the property of H Y Wheeler and History on the Net  © 2005 H Y Wheeler History on the Net Section 1 Introduction Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 - Information - Suggested Activities - What is Causation? Information Sheet - Causation Card Sort - Causes of World War Two Card Sort - Causation Wordsearch Section 2 The Treaty of Versailles Page†¦show more content†¦What is Causation? – Information Sheet and Card Sort 2. General discussion about what caused World War Two 3. Causes of World War Two Card Sort – can be combined with Causation Card Sort 4. Causation Wordsearch Page 2 WWII Causes Information Activity Book  © 2005 H Y Wheeler www.historyonthenet.com What is Causation? When historians talk about causation, they are trying to find out why something happened. The reasons for things happening are often divided into different categories: Social, economic, political, technological, military They can also be divided into time periods: Long term, medium term, short term Many things that happen also have a trigger event – the final straw, or the event that finally causes something else to happen Example 1 Mr Brown needed more money so he took a second job at night. Mr Brown was very tired and didn t hear his alarm clock. Mr Brown had to rush to get to his day job on time. Mr Brown was driving too fast and crashed his car Social, Economic Long Term Technological Short Term Economic Short Term Trigger Event What caused Mr Brown to crash his car? The trigger that made him crash was the fact that he was driving too fast But, if Mr Brown had not been in a rush maybe he would have driven slower And, if Mr Brown had heard his alarm clock he would not have been in a rush Mr BrownShow MoreRelatedAdolf Hitler And The World War II Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pagesoverwinter. The overthrow marks the stop of Germany s eastward adduce. Introduction The volatility produce in Europe by the First World War (1914-18) regulate the scaffold for another international fight–World War II–which stony-broke out two decades inferior and would try even more withering. Rising to command in an economically and politicly changeable Germany, Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist (Nazi Party) rearmed the people and type strategic treaties with Italy and Japan to further his ambitionsRead MoreHitler s Impact On The World War II1636 Words   |  7 Pagesa square, saluting and chanting Hitler s name. 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Hitler saw all the things he believed had hurt the nation an d he said that if another world war were to begin that it would end with the elimination of Jews in Europe. He used the Jews as a scapegoat to why there was an economic crisis and to why Germany had lost World War 1. Although Hitler had standards he wantedRead MoreHitler s Influence On The World War II966 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War II is believed to have resulted from many causes; however Hitler’s rise to power is assumed to have had a significant impact on the outbreak. Adolf Hitler was leader of the Nazi party, and his efforts to transform Germany’s society into one based on race resulted in Holocaust and world war. Using his position as Chancellor Hitler created a legal dictatorship. Not anyone could have seized power in Germany at that time. 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A Chronicle of the Plague Free Essays

The Black Death: A Chronicle of the Plague by Johannes Nohl (1882–1963) is an illustrative book that traces down the flux of plague and its effects in Europe over the centuries. It examines this malady from historical and sociological perspective. The major contribution of Johannes Nohl is that he does not rely on secondary sources but has researched the contemporary chronicles to locate the pathos and miseries that this epidemic afflicted on the populations of Europe over the centuries. We will write a custom essay sample on A Chronicle of the Plague or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scope of work is both intensive and extensive as he has provided an in-depth study that encompasses four centuries (1337-1720) and a vast geographical area from Western Europe to Russia and from Nordic ice-burgs to the Mediterranean Sea. In addition to being a historian, Johannes Nohl was also a psychoanalyst. So The Black Death: A Chronicle of the Plague is not a mere chronicle of the plague its effects but also it further analyzes the socio-cultural, psychological and economic effects of this epidemics on the whole European civilization that persist in certain societies hitherto. It beautifully blends the comprehensive accounts of the pandemic that caused almost 40 million deaths a single century during the fourteenth century alone with durable socio-cultural impact. The book also locates that how people countered these epidemics and what practical measures were adopted to tackle the problem at large scale. Nohl illustrate that Black Death changed the patterns of life and affected all facets of culture as people migrated from one geographical location to the other to escape themselves from this epidemic. First two chapters, The Aspect of the Plague and The Precursors of the Plague describe the nature of plague as it was understood by the contemporary societies. Nohl has explored through contemporary chronicles that Plague was considered a celestial phenomenon as plague use to visit the European societies sporadically in the form of a natural disaster. Furthermore, Nohl explores that most usual route of these epidemics were from India to Central Asia and then to Europe through trade groups and in Europe it used to spread along with waterways in the shape of a natural catastrophe. In the next two chapters The Medical Profession and Plague Remedies, Nohl discovers the available medical remedies in the medieval societies and how medical professionals reacted to it. Contemporary chironicles suggest that mostly people used to rely on religious conviction and pilgrimages rather than visiting a doctor. Most medical treatment was based on plant extracts. Availability and affordability of medicines were another problem due to mass scale spread and impact of the disease. Nohl looks into the various other socio-political aspects of the epidemic. For example, aadministrative precautions mostly included individual and group exclusion from the community of the hale and hearty. A systematic effort in this regards was not possible as plague used to erupt abruptly, so it was administered intermittently. Nohl has not only provided the official and royal manuscripts and chronicles but to present the conditions and miseries of the general public, he has included chronicles of travelers, contemporary historians. These clearly manifest that plague had different effects of different social classes and each class was treated in a different way both socially and administratively. In addition to socio-cultural and political effects, epidemic of plague had cast their disturbing impact on the worldview Christian community. Church responded in its own way to the pandemic. The Church labeled it as a reaction of sins and their only remedy was ritualistic deliverance that would purge the sins. So ritualistic practices were used to organize at the individual and collective level. Some other Christian followers were of the view that world is overtaken by the evil as Divinity itself was a friend of mankind and how it could afflict it with such pathos and miseries. Another section of orthodox sect, The Luciferians were of the view that God had toppled down Lucifer, their lord, and had taken over heaven. So this is a natural response of this tragedy. (Nohl 1924, 161-163). Some other compared the disease as an Arial and celestial phenomenon that was beyond the strength and capacity of mankind. This view was further reinforced by the fact that prior to the Black Death, in 1117, the eruption of plague was coincided with a cosmic phenomenon that medieval mind was unable to comprehend. Nohl states in this regard that In 1117, in January, a comet passed like a fiery army from North toward the orient, the moon was o’ercast blood-red in an eclipse, a year later a light appeared more brilliant than the sun,. This was followed by great cold, famine and plague, of which one-third of the humanity have said to have perished. Nohl further describes same coincidences in 1568, 1582 and 1606 when Netherlands, Prague and Vienna were badly affected with plague. This shaped the general mentality that plague is an extra human phenomenon and mankind had no control over it. The social fabric of the whole European society was transformed by these notions and beliefs. Nohl depicts that beside human causalities, first social causality was breakdown of social order. There was â€Å"an incapacity to believe that so uncanny a disease as the plague could be attributable to natural causes† which led â€Å"the fateful misconception of [its] artificial production† (Nohl 171). This belief molded their worldview and they become more recluse and a believers in the fictitious remedial rituals. Nohl also illustrates an interesting but tragic fact that plague was intentionally passed on to others. He located the motive for this deliberate infection as infectants did not want to undergo the agonies alone. Furthermore, it was common belief that one could liberate oneself of his contagion by transmitting it to others (Nohl 171). Nohl also provides evidences when someone infected his/her rival or enemy due to sheer malice and enmity. Sometime, Lutherans were blamed for this curse but more often Jews were labeled as propellants of this deadly disease. So they were persecuted on mass level to purge the society from this malady but it is a fact that Jews used running streams for their sanitary purposes unlike Christian who used contaminated public wells that were often a prime cause for dispersal of various diseases. Toward end, the book has an interesting chapter, The Erotic Element in the Plague that relation sexuality with deadly disease. This book covers all aspects of Black Death pertaining to the contemporary medieval societies and all these are supported with the contemporary chronicles. It not only provides a synopsis of whole epidemic history but provides an in-depth analysis of the entire phenomenon. References Nohl, Johannes. 1924. The Black Death: A Chronicle of the Plague. Translated by C. H. Clarke. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers. How to cite A Chronicle of the Plague, Papers

Caring for the elderly L3 unit safeguarding of vulnerble adults free essay sample

Safeguarding of vulnerable adults (S0VA) There are many different types of abuse and they can effect people in different ways. There are many adults that are more vulnerable to abuse. Here are a few examples of this: * People who suffer from dementia as they are less likely to remember what has happened to them. * People who have a mental illness or suffer with learning disabilities as they may not understand what is happening to them. ( They may think it’s a normal thing to do), Therefore may not tell anyone it has happened but could also do the same to somebody else as they think it’s the right thing to do. People with a physical disability rely on people to help them with everything, they maybe unable to move which means any physical abuse they wouldn’t be able to move away from. Physical abuse Physical abuse is when someone inflicts pain or harm to a persons body. the elderly and disabled are more at risk of this as they may not understand what is happing or be able to defend themselves. physical abuse can be caused in many different ways such as: * Biting * Hitting * Punching * Restraint * Slapping * Pushing * Misuse of Medicines * Inappropriate sanctions These are the most common ways of physical abuse . the main signs of abuse are: * lacerations * dislocations * bruising * fractures * finger prints If you are caring for a service user and you notice marks, cuts or bruises in suspicious places you should ask the service user how these marks come about? If the service user is unsure take note of this, use a sheet of paper to draw a figure of a person and mark the areas of which you have founds any suspicious marks, Then report this to your manager all marks even minor ones should be reported at all times as even the smallest bruise may be apart of abuse or handled inappropriately . If you go to care for a service user and they are not consistent with how they suffered an injury this may be because they have been abused. For example: You are on a morning visit to ms Wilson whom you visit every morning. on this particular morning ms Wilson has a large bruise to the outer thigh. you ask ms Wilson how she got this bruise? she reply’s I fell out of bed you take note of this and report it to your manager with the explanation of how it happened.  the next morning you see ms Wilson and ask her how she got the bruise on her thigh she reply’s I lost balance and fell into the table this story is inconsistent therefore maybe a case of abuse. You should tell your manager, police or social services if you think this may be caused by abuse. Neglect Neglect is when your receiving insufficient care such as: * inadequate food and drinks * ignoring physical needs * ignoring toiletry needs * warmth * hygiene Neglect can happen in many different ways. The service u ser may be deprived of food and drink causing malnutrition and dehydrated this can make the service user very ill and disorientated. Neglect can be that the service user is kept in soiled clothes/bedding not washed regularly. any signs of this should be reported to the manager or social services. there are signs of neglect that should be looked out for such as the service user may show: * significant weight loss over a small period of time * malnutrition * dehydration *depression *hypothermia *pressure sores *inadequate clothing or bedding * no response to medication * lack of medical attention Neglect can also be unseen such as medication, medication may be tampered with, The service user may be given more or less of which has been prescribed.  causing drowsiness and discomfort. Sexual abuse Sexual abuse is one of the worst forms of abuse for anyone at any age. sexual abuse is where someone has preformed sexual acts or rape when consent has not been given. There are many things signs or symptoms connected to this kind of abuse, these are: * pain around the private areas * itching or infections (STIS) * marks ar ound the groin area and possibly around the throat * difficulty standing or walking * withdrawal * wanting to be alone * change in personality * torn or ripped clothing If you come across any of these signs or symptoms you must report to your manager, police or social services. emotional abuse Emotional abuse can be done in many different ways the main ways are when someone: * rejects or refuses to acknowledge a persons presence, value or worth. * deliberately humiliating or hurting there feelings * making them feel worthless This can make them withdrawn or suffer with depression, anxiety and no self confidence. If any of these occur then report to your manager or gp. intuitional abuse This is an inward abuse such as depression or can have the effects of a breakdown. The service user feels they are useless, cant do anything right. They may feel like they are a burden so refuse intervention. This makes them feel depressed, withdrawn and un-wanting to communicate with anyone. they can become insecure or nervous they also may seem troubled. Confidentiality may be broken in any of these cases. If you feel persons are at risk you must report to your line manager, even if there is no substantial evidence but enough for you to feel they may be abuse happening as abuse can be hidden and may not have any obvious signs. 2) should confidentiality be broken in any of these cases? Linda has been shoplifting but does not want to tell anyone in this case confidentiality does not need to be broken as Linda is not at harm or risk of herself or others. b) martin has bruising on his forehead, he can explain what has happened and his story is consistent with his family’s versions of events confidentiality does not need to be broken at the moment as his bruising is in a place where he could easily hurt himself by falling but i would observe to make sure bruises didn’t appear also mentioning this to line manager so they are aware of his injury. Donna complains that one of the male carers keeps coming into her room at night confidentiality can be broken in this case as there is risk for donnas safety. d) Stephen says he does not have the money to buy cigarettes anymore, he thinks someone is taking his money confidentiality does not need to be broken in this case at the moment as Stephen is not at risk but the situation does need to be investigated. e) on a home visit Megan has round burns that could be cigarette burns, you notice she seems scared of some of her relatives confidentiality can be broken as Megan has noticeable injuries and is distressed. We had a lady resident move into our home who has had a leg amputated due to diabetes. we set up a room downstairs for her so she can join in with activities and make it wheelchair friendly for her to maintain as much of her independence as possible. she was also a smoker, it is illegal to smoke inside so a carer smoker or non-smoker would take her outside for her cigarette. being a diabetic she was on a restricted diet which was maintained and when others were offered cakes or sweets ect it was made sure that there was sugar-free options available to her.just because she is unable to walk does not mean she should be excluded from joining in with activities and just because she is diabetic does not mean she cant have sweets or cakes. 4) All legislation is there to protect all kinds of people from all background all of the time. for instance the disability discrimination act 2005 was brought into place so that any person with any form of disability was given the same rights as any ful ly healthy person.  offices ect had to make there buildings wheelchair friendly and suitable for a disabled persons needs as with W. C needs. thesexual discrimination act 1975 was brought in so that women and men were both treated equally and both had the rights to do the same job opportunities as each other in all job aspects, this meaning a women has the same rights as a man whether it was mechanics, butchers, plumbers ect which always used to be a mans job and men can be midwifery’s and nurses ect.