The XYZ Affair Dispute Between France and the U.S.

The XYZ Affair was a dispute between diplomats from France and the United States in 1797 and 1798, during the early days of the presidential administration of John Adams that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War. Peace was quickly restored when the U.S. and France agreed on the Convention of 1800, also known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine. The dispute’s name comes from the letters used by President Adams to refer to the French diplomats: Jean Hottinguer (X), Pierre Bellamy (Y), and Lucien Hauteval (Z). Key Takeaways: The XYZ Affair The XYZ Affair was a serious diplomatic dispute between France and the United States in 1797 and 1798 that led to the undeclared war between the nations known as the Quasi-War.The name of the affair comes from the letters X, Y, and Z used by U.S. President John Adams to refer to the names of three of the French diplomats involved.The dispute and Quasi-War were resolved by the Convention of 1800, also known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine. Background In 1792, France went to war with Britain, Austria, and several other European monarchies. U.S. President George Washington had directed America to remain neutral. However, France, angered by the United States’ conclusion of Jay’s Treaty with Great Britain in 1795, began seizing American ships transporting goods to their enemies. In response, President John Adams sent U.S diplomats Elbridge Gerry, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and John Marshall to France in July 1797 with orders to restore harmony. Far from brokering peace, the U.S. envoys soon found themselves embroiled in the XYZ Affair. Jay's Treaty Had Angered France Ratified in 1795, Jay’s Treaty between the United States and Great Britain peacefully resolved issues lingering after the Treaty of Paris of 1783 had ended the American Revolutionary War. The treaty also facilitated a decade of peaceful trade between the United States and Britain during the height of the bloody French Revolutionary Wars. Having just helped the U.S. defeat the British in its own revolution, France was deeply angered by Jay’s Treaty. In the United States, the treaty divided Americans, contributing to the creation of America’s first political parties, the pro-Treaty Federalists and the anti-Treaty Anti-Federalists or Democratic Republicans. The XYZ Negotiations: A Bad Time Was Had by All Even before they sailed for Paris, American diplomats Gerry, Pinckney, and Marshall were not optimistic. Like others in the Adams administration, they viewed the French government—the Directory—as a source of such extreme decadence and intrigue that it would stand in the way of accomplishing their mission. Sure enough, as soon as they arrived, the American trio was told they would not be allowed to meet face-to-face with the French Foreign Minister and chief diplomat, the flamboyant and unpredictable Maurice de Talleyrand. Instead, they were met by Talleyrand’s intermediaries, Hottinguer (X), Bellamy (Y), and Hauteval (Z). Also stirring the pot was French playwright Pierre Beaumarchais, who had helped funnel much-needed French money to the United States during the American Revolution. X, Y, and Z told the Americans that Talleyrand would meet with them only if they agreed to satisfy three conditions: The United States had to agree to provide France with a substantial low-interest loan.The United States had to agree to pay all claims of damages filed against France by owners of American merchant ships seized or sunk by the French Navy.The United States had to pay a bribe of 50,000 British pounds directly to Talleyrand, himself. While the U.S. envoy was aware that diplomats from other nations had paid bribes in order to deal with Talleyrand, they were shocked and doubted that any such concessions on their part would result in substantial changes in French policy. In reality, Talleyrand had intended to end the French attacks on U.S. merchant shipping all along, but only after increasing his personal wealth and political influence within the French Directory government. In addition, Talleyrand’s intermediaries, X, Y, and Z, having invested heavily in U.S. businesses themselves, wanted to preserve peace. However, emboldened by France’s victories in its ongoing war with Britain, X, Y, and Z increased the amount of the requested U.S. loan and even threatened a military invasion of America if the U.S. diplomats refused to agree. When the U.S. diplomats held their ground and refused to agree to the French demands, Talleyrand finally met with them. While he dropped his demands for a loan and a bribe, he refused to put an end to French seizures of American merchant ships. While Americans Pinckney and Marshall prepared to leave France, Elbridge Gerry decided to remain, hoping to avert an outright war. President John Adams Reaction to the XYZ Affair As he read the disheartening reports from Gerry, Pinckney, and Marshall, President Adams prepared for war with France. While pro-war Federalists urged Congress to support him, Democratic-Republican leaders distrusted his motives and demanded that he make the diplomatic correspondence from Paris public. Adams agreed, but knowing the sensitivity of the contents, he redacted the names of Talleyrand’s intermediaries, replacing them with the letters X, Y, and Z. He also used the letter W to refer to Nicholas Hubbard, an Englishman employed by a Dutch bank who took part in the latter stages of the negotiations. Though Adams prepared for war, he never officially declared it. In France, Talleyrand, realizing the risks of his actions, sought to restore diplomatic relations with America and the U.S. Congress agreed to negotiate directly with the French Directorate. Meanwhile, in the Caribbean, the U.S. Navy had started fighting French forces commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte attempting to defeat Toussaint L’Ouverture, leader of the Haitian independence movement. The Convention of 1800 By 1799, Napoleon had come to power in France and was focused on recovering the North American Louisiana territory from Spain. Talleyrand, retained by Napoleon as Foreign Minister, was trying to prevent further hostilities with the U.S. The British, still at war with France, were thrilled with the growing anti-French sentiment in the U.S. and offered to help the Americans fight their common foe. However, President Adams was convinced that if France had really wanted an all-out war it would have responded to America’s attacks on French ships in the Caribbean. For his part, Talleyrand, also fearing the costs of a full-scale war, hinted that he would meet with a new American diplomat. Despite the public’s and the Federalists’ desire for war, Adams sent not one, but three peace negotiators—William Vans Murray, Oliver Ellsworth, and William Richardson Davie—to France. In March 1800, American and French diplomats finally convened in Paris to hammer out a peace agreement. After first annulling the 1778 Treaty of Alliance, they reached a new agreement based on the original Model Treaty of 1776 that would become known as the Convention of 1800.  Ã‚   The agreement peacefully ended the 1778 alliance between the United States and France while releasing France from any financial responsibility for damages to U.S. shipping and commerce since the start of the French Revolution. The specific terms of the Convention of 1800 included: The Quasi-War was to end.France agreed to return captured American ships.U.S. agreed to compensate its citizens for damages inflicted by France on American shipping (damages totaled $20 million; U.S. paid $3.9 million to heirs of original claimants in 1915).The Franco-American Alliance was terminated.U.S. and France granted each other most-favored-nation status.U.S. and France reestablished commercial relations on terms similar to those outlined in Franco-American Alliance. It would not be for nearly 150 more years that the United States would enter into another formal alliance with a foreign country: the Montevideo Convention was ratified in 1934. Sources Stinchcombe, William (1980). â€Å"The XYZ Affair.† Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313222344.Berkin, Carol. â€Å"A Sovereign People: The Crises of the 1790s and the Birth of American Nationalism.† New York: Basic Books, 2017.DeConde, Alexander. â€Å"The Quasi-War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France, 1797-1801.† New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1966.Kuehl, John W. â€Å"Southern Reaction to the XYZ Affair: An Incident in the Emergence of American Nationalism.† Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 70, no. 1 (1972)Lyon, E. Wilson (September 1940). â€Å"The Franco-American Convention of 1800.† The Journal of Modern History.

World War Ii and Hitler - 8135 Words

World War Two Causes Information and Activity Worksheets Ages 11 - 14 H Y Wheeler Worksheets This booklet has been printed and sold by History on the Net to be used as a teaching resource The purchaser is entitled to photocopy these pages for personal, educational or non-profit usage provided that the copyright notice is not removed The copyright of this booklet and its contents remains the property of H Y Wheeler and History on the Net  © 2005 H Y Wheeler History on the Net Section 1 Introduction Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 - Information - Suggested Activities - What is Causation? Information Sheet - Causation Card Sort - Causes of World War Two Card Sort - Causation Wordsearch Section 2 The Treaty of Versailles Page†¦show more content†¦What is Causation? – Information Sheet and Card Sort 2. General discussion about what caused World War Two 3. Causes of World War Two Card Sort – can be combined with Causation Card Sort 4. Causation Wordsearch Page 2 WWII Causes Information Activity Book  © 2005 H Y Wheeler www.historyonthenet.com What is Causation? When historians talk about causation, they are trying to find out why something happened. The reasons for things happening are often divided into different categories: Social, economic, political, technological, military They can also be divided into time periods: Long term, medium term, short term Many things that happen also have a trigger event – the final straw, or the event that finally causes something else to happen Example 1 Mr Brown needed more money so he took a second job at night. Mr Brown was very tired and didn t hear his alarm clock. Mr Brown had to rush to get to his day job on time. Mr Brown was driving too fast and crashed his car Social, Economic Long Term Technological Short Term Economic Short Term Trigger Event What caused Mr Brown to crash his car? The trigger that made him crash was the fact that he was driving too fast But, if Mr Brown had not been in a rush maybe he would have driven slower And, if Mr Brown had heard his alarm clock he would not have been in a rush Mr BrownShow MoreRelatedAdolf Hitler And The World War II Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pagesoverwinter. The overthrow marks the stop of Germany s eastward adduce. Introduction The volatility produce in Europe by the First World War (1914-18) regulate the scaffold for another international fight–World War II–which stony-broke out two decades inferior and would try even more withering. Rising to command in an economically and politicly changeable Germany, Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist (Nazi Party) rearmed the people and type strategic treaties with Italy and Japan to further his ambitionsRead MoreHitler s Impact On The World War II1636 Words   |  7 Pagesa square, saluting and chanting Hitler s name. 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Hitler saw all the things he believed had hurt the nation an d he said that if another world war were to begin that it would end with the elimination of Jews in Europe. He used the Jews as a scapegoat to why there was an economic crisis and to why Germany had lost World War 1. Although Hitler had standards he wantedRead MoreHitler s Influence On The World War II966 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War II is believed to have resulted from many causes; however Hitler’s rise to power is assumed to have had a significant impact on the outbreak. Adolf Hitler was leader of the Nazi party, and his efforts to transform Germany’s society into one based on race resulted in Holocaust and world war. Using his position as Chancellor Hitler created a legal dictatorship. Not anyone could have seized power in Germany at that time. During Germany’s economic crisis, Hitler used his personal traits andRead MoreHitler s Influence On The World War II1811 Words   |  8 Pagesa square, saluting and chanting Hitler s name. World War II has begun an d many Germans hope for improvements in the economy. Their leader is Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler, dictator of Germany in World War II, was a powerful speaker who caused over 5 million deaths in concentration camps. Though Hitler s impact can be felt in modern times, the roots of his atrocious behavior began in childhood—more specifically—high school. Years before Adolf Hitler was born, Hitler s great grandfather, Johann Georg

A Chronicle of the Plague Free Essays

The Black Death: A Chronicle of the Plague by Johannes Nohl (1882–1963) is an illustrative book that traces down the flux of plague and its effects in Europe over the centuries. It examines this malady from historical and sociological perspective. The major contribution of Johannes Nohl is that he does not rely on secondary sources but has researched the contemporary chronicles to locate the pathos and miseries that this epidemic afflicted on the populations of Europe over the centuries. We will write a custom essay sample on A Chronicle of the Plague or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scope of work is both intensive and extensive as he has provided an in-depth study that encompasses four centuries (1337-1720) and a vast geographical area from Western Europe to Russia and from Nordic ice-burgs to the Mediterranean Sea. In addition to being a historian, Johannes Nohl was also a psychoanalyst. So The Black Death: A Chronicle of the Plague is not a mere chronicle of the plague its effects but also it further analyzes the socio-cultural, psychological and economic effects of this epidemics on the whole European civilization that persist in certain societies hitherto. It beautifully blends the comprehensive accounts of the pandemic that caused almost 40 million deaths a single century during the fourteenth century alone with durable socio-cultural impact. The book also locates that how people countered these epidemics and what practical measures were adopted to tackle the problem at large scale. Nohl illustrate that Black Death changed the patterns of life and affected all facets of culture as people migrated from one geographical location to the other to escape themselves from this epidemic. First two chapters, The Aspect of the Plague and The Precursors of the Plague describe the nature of plague as it was understood by the contemporary societies. Nohl has explored through contemporary chronicles that Plague was considered a celestial phenomenon as plague use to visit the European societies sporadically in the form of a natural disaster. Furthermore, Nohl explores that most usual route of these epidemics were from India to Central Asia and then to Europe through trade groups and in Europe it used to spread along with waterways in the shape of a natural catastrophe. In the next two chapters The Medical Profession and Plague Remedies, Nohl discovers the available medical remedies in the medieval societies and how medical professionals reacted to it. Contemporary chironicles suggest that mostly people used to rely on religious conviction and pilgrimages rather than visiting a doctor. Most medical treatment was based on plant extracts. Availability and affordability of medicines were another problem due to mass scale spread and impact of the disease. Nohl looks into the various other socio-political aspects of the epidemic. For example, aadministrative precautions mostly included individual and group exclusion from the community of the hale and hearty. A systematic effort in this regards was not possible as plague used to erupt abruptly, so it was administered intermittently. Nohl has not only provided the official and royal manuscripts and chronicles but to present the conditions and miseries of the general public, he has included chronicles of travelers, contemporary historians. These clearly manifest that plague had different effects of different social classes and each class was treated in a different way both socially and administratively. In addition to socio-cultural and political effects, epidemic of plague had cast their disturbing impact on the worldview Christian community. Church responded in its own way to the pandemic. The Church labeled it as a reaction of sins and their only remedy was ritualistic deliverance that would purge the sins. So ritualistic practices were used to organize at the individual and collective level. Some other Christian followers were of the view that world is overtaken by the evil as Divinity itself was a friend of mankind and how it could afflict it with such pathos and miseries. Another section of orthodox sect, The Luciferians were of the view that God had toppled down Lucifer, their lord, and had taken over heaven. So this is a natural response of this tragedy. (Nohl 1924, 161-163). Some other compared the disease as an Arial and celestial phenomenon that was beyond the strength and capacity of mankind. This view was further reinforced by the fact that prior to the Black Death, in 1117, the eruption of plague was coincided with a cosmic phenomenon that medieval mind was unable to comprehend. Nohl states in this regard that In 1117, in January, a comet passed like a fiery army from North toward the orient, the moon was o’ercast blood-red in an eclipse, a year later a light appeared more brilliant than the sun,. This was followed by great cold, famine and plague, of which one-third of the humanity have said to have perished. Nohl further describes same coincidences in 1568, 1582 and 1606 when Netherlands, Prague and Vienna were badly affected with plague. This shaped the general mentality that plague is an extra human phenomenon and mankind had no control over it. The social fabric of the whole European society was transformed by these notions and beliefs. Nohl depicts that beside human causalities, first social causality was breakdown of social order. There was â€Å"an incapacity to believe that so uncanny a disease as the plague could be attributable to natural causes† which led â€Å"the fateful misconception of [its] artificial production† (Nohl 171). This belief molded their worldview and they become more recluse and a believers in the fictitious remedial rituals. Nohl also illustrates an interesting but tragic fact that plague was intentionally passed on to others. He located the motive for this deliberate infection as infectants did not want to undergo the agonies alone. Furthermore, it was common belief that one could liberate oneself of his contagion by transmitting it to others (Nohl 171). Nohl also provides evidences when someone infected his/her rival or enemy due to sheer malice and enmity. Sometime, Lutherans were blamed for this curse but more often Jews were labeled as propellants of this deadly disease. So they were persecuted on mass level to purge the society from this malady but it is a fact that Jews used running streams for their sanitary purposes unlike Christian who used contaminated public wells that were often a prime cause for dispersal of various diseases. Toward end, the book has an interesting chapter, The Erotic Element in the Plague that relation sexuality with deadly disease. This book covers all aspects of Black Death pertaining to the contemporary medieval societies and all these are supported with the contemporary chronicles. It not only provides a synopsis of whole epidemic history but provides an in-depth analysis of the entire phenomenon. References Nohl, Johannes. 1924. The Black Death: A Chronicle of the Plague. Translated by C. H. Clarke. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers. How to cite A Chronicle of the Plague, Papers

Caring for the elderly L3 unit safeguarding of vulnerble adults free essay sample

Safeguarding of vulnerable adults (S0VA) There are many different types of abuse and they can effect people in different ways. There are many adults that are more vulnerable to abuse. Here are a few examples of this: * People who suffer from dementia as they are less likely to remember what has happened to them. * People who have a mental illness or suffer with learning disabilities as they may not understand what is happening to them. ( They may think it’s a normal thing to do), Therefore may not tell anyone it has happened but could also do the same to somebody else as they think it’s the right thing to do. People with a physical disability rely on people to help them with everything, they maybe unable to move which means any physical abuse they wouldn’t be able to move away from. Physical abuse Physical abuse is when someone inflicts pain or harm to a persons body. the elderly and disabled are more at risk of this as they may not understand what is happing or be able to defend themselves. physical abuse can be caused in many different ways such as: * Biting * Hitting * Punching * Restraint * Slapping * Pushing * Misuse of Medicines * Inappropriate sanctions These are the most common ways of physical abuse . the main signs of abuse are: * lacerations * dislocations * bruising * fractures * finger prints If you are caring for a service user and you notice marks, cuts or bruises in suspicious places you should ask the service user how these marks come about? If the service user is unsure take note of this, use a sheet of paper to draw a figure of a person and mark the areas of which you have founds any suspicious marks, Then report this to your manager all marks even minor ones should be reported at all times as even the smallest bruise may be apart of abuse or handled inappropriately . If you go to care for a service user and they are not consistent with how they suffered an injury this may be because they have been abused. For example: You are on a morning visit to ms Wilson whom you visit every morning. on this particular morning ms Wilson has a large bruise to the outer thigh. you ask ms Wilson how she got this bruise? she reply’s I fell out of bed you take note of this and report it to your manager with the explanation of how it happened.  the next morning you see ms Wilson and ask her how she got the bruise on her thigh she reply’s I lost balance and fell into the table this story is inconsistent therefore maybe a case of abuse. You should tell your manager, police or social services if you think this may be caused by abuse. Neglect Neglect is when your receiving insufficient care such as: * inadequate food and drinks * ignoring physical needs * ignoring toiletry needs * warmth * hygiene Neglect can happen in many different ways. The service u ser may be deprived of food and drink causing malnutrition and dehydrated this can make the service user very ill and disorientated. Neglect can be that the service user is kept in soiled clothes/bedding not washed regularly. any signs of this should be reported to the manager or social services. there are signs of neglect that should be looked out for such as the service user may show: * significant weight loss over a small period of time * malnutrition * dehydration *depression *hypothermia *pressure sores *inadequate clothing or bedding * no response to medication * lack of medical attention Neglect can also be unseen such as medication, medication may be tampered with, The service user may be given more or less of which has been prescribed.  causing drowsiness and discomfort. Sexual abuse Sexual abuse is one of the worst forms of abuse for anyone at any age. sexual abuse is where someone has preformed sexual acts or rape when consent has not been given. There are many things signs or symptoms connected to this kind of abuse, these are: * pain around the private areas * itching or infections (STIS) * marks ar ound the groin area and possibly around the throat * difficulty standing or walking * withdrawal * wanting to be alone * change in personality * torn or ripped clothing If you come across any of these signs or symptoms you must report to your manager, police or social services. emotional abuse Emotional abuse can be done in many different ways the main ways are when someone: * rejects or refuses to acknowledge a persons presence, value or worth. * deliberately humiliating or hurting there feelings * making them feel worthless This can make them withdrawn or suffer with depression, anxiety and no self confidence. If any of these occur then report to your manager or gp. intuitional abuse This is an inward abuse such as depression or can have the effects of a breakdown. The service user feels they are useless, cant do anything right. They may feel like they are a burden so refuse intervention. This makes them feel depressed, withdrawn and un-wanting to communicate with anyone. they can become insecure or nervous they also may seem troubled. Confidentiality may be broken in any of these cases. If you feel persons are at risk you must report to your line manager, even if there is no substantial evidence but enough for you to feel they may be abuse happening as abuse can be hidden and may not have any obvious signs. 2) should confidentiality be broken in any of these cases? Linda has been shoplifting but does not want to tell anyone in this case confidentiality does not need to be broken as Linda is not at harm or risk of herself or others. b) martin has bruising on his forehead, he can explain what has happened and his story is consistent with his family’s versions of events confidentiality does not need to be broken at the moment as his bruising is in a place where he could easily hurt himself by falling but i would observe to make sure bruises didn’t appear also mentioning this to line manager so they are aware of his injury. Donna complains that one of the male carers keeps coming into her room at night confidentiality can be broken in this case as there is risk for donnas safety. d) Stephen says he does not have the money to buy cigarettes anymore, he thinks someone is taking his money confidentiality does not need to be broken in this case at the moment as Stephen is not at risk but the situation does need to be investigated. e) on a home visit Megan has round burns that could be cigarette burns, you notice she seems scared of some of her relatives confidentiality can be broken as Megan has noticeable injuries and is distressed. We had a lady resident move into our home who has had a leg amputated due to diabetes. we set up a room downstairs for her so she can join in with activities and make it wheelchair friendly for her to maintain as much of her independence as possible. she was also a smoker, it is illegal to smoke inside so a carer smoker or non-smoker would take her outside for her cigarette. being a diabetic she was on a restricted diet which was maintained and when others were offered cakes or sweets ect it was made sure that there was sugar-free options available to her.just because she is unable to walk does not mean she should be excluded from joining in with activities and just because she is diabetic does not mean she cant have sweets or cakes. 4) All legislation is there to protect all kinds of people from all background all of the time. for instance the disability discrimination act 2005 was brought into place so that any person with any form of disability was given the same rights as any ful ly healthy person.  offices ect had to make there buildings wheelchair friendly and suitable for a disabled persons needs as with W. C needs. thesexual discrimination act 1975 was brought in so that women and men were both treated equally and both had the rights to do the same job opportunities as each other in all job aspects, this meaning a women has the same rights as a man whether it was mechanics, butchers, plumbers ect which always used to be a mans job and men can be midwifery’s and nurses ect.

Influence of Heavy Metal Music on Adolescence (Behavior, Identity, Mood, Regulation, Psychology)

Studies on adolescence and teenage culture are confined to understanding of teenagers’ needs. Because adolescents have similar concerns and needs and create similar peer groups, music performs the same goals for all of the groups. Being a source of peer group identity, music contrasts either with working class street subculture or with conformist culture in schools.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Heavy Metal Music on Adolescence (Behavior, Identity, Mood, Regulation, Psychology) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Accepting the potent impact of music on adolescents’ behavior, identity, and psychology leads to a deeper analysis of the influences of heavy metal music on teenagers’ development. At this point, adolescents’ preoccupation with heavy metal music is found to be harmful in terms of its influence on school achievement, social behavior, and individual differences (Harq reaves North, 1997). It has been discovered that heavy metal fans are likely to display delinquent, disrespect, and aggression (Harqreaves North, 1997). Male heavy metal admirers tend to be more amoral, manipulative, cynical, and hypersexual. Therefore, further and prolonged fascination with this genre of music contributes negatively to teenagers’ experience and increase the extent of alienation and rejection of society. Regardless of gender differences, both female and male adolescents absorbed with heavy metal music display negative character traits development. Specifically, male fans of heavy metal, therefore, disclose a higher level of reckless behavior, including sexual behavior, driving behavior, and drug use (Arnett, 1991). They are also reluctant to establish and sustain favorable family relations. Female fans of heavy metal music report reckless behavior in terms of vandalism, shoplifting, drug use, and sexual behavior. They also display lower level of self-esteem (Arnett, 1991). To understand the connection between musical preferences and adolescent behavior, specific emphasis should be placed on subliminal effects of heavy metal music bringing in backward message to the adolescents’ consciousness (Frith, 2007, p. 322). Adolescents’ being fond of heavy rock bands seek to become more self-assured with regard to dating and sexuality display. What is more threatening is that family relationships are in accord with liking or disliking heavy metal music. Within the context of music production and industry, it is not the actual music popularization that influences adolescent behavior, but the music itself with its aggressive rhythms, extremely loud volume, and electric guitars playing. The connection between behavior and physical influence of music is apparent. Music, for instance, has the ability to ‘seize’ a moment and make adolescents feel that they are living out of time, with no memory for the past and the present. So, the influence of beat, pulse and rhythm controls human mind and body.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to understand the psychological dimension of music impact on mood and behavior, reference to behavioral and cognitive theoretical frameworks should be made. At this point, Saarikallio (2007) argues, â€Å"†¦musical activities are indeed behavioral actions and mood regulation is realized through various behaviors like listening, playing singing or dancing† (p. 30). At the same time, music can be regarded as a platform that fosters the cognitive analysis of emotional experiences. Music is a kind of a symbolic space enabling the listeners to pass through conflicting issues and reevaluate their emotional experience. In addition, music proves to monitor three elements of emotional experience, including valence, attention and intensity, and clarity (Saarikallio, 2 007). First, valence presents music as a means of expressing adolescents’ attitude to the surrounding world. Second, the degree of attention and intensity is affected by adolescent affiliation to a particular genre of music. Finally, music sometimes allows adolescents to understand and interpret both their positive and negative experiences. With regard to the above, music performs the function of a mood regulator. In particular, listening to the music can modify situation through creating an atmosphere. Music can also deploy attention through focusing on feelings and thoughts, as well as through distracting from undesired feelings and thoughts. Mood is recognized as a source of regulating positive and negative moods (Saarikallio, 2007). In case with adolescents, heavy metal music can serve to dampen negative moods. Greater music regulation is closely associated with diversity in musical preference. Specifically, the strong intensity and high volume of heavy metal and rock mus ic reveal the emotional experience of teenagers and provides a mechanism for coping with stressful experiences that are predetermined by challenging development period. The influence of heavy metal music on adolescents can be much more threatening. In particular, Scheel (1999) has found a strong connection between music preferences and suicidal vulnerability among teenagers. Hence, it has been reported that â€Å"†¦heavy metal fans have weaker reasons for living, overall, than do nonfans and that female heavy metal fans show a more extreme negative pattern† (p. 259). However, there is also an assumption that suicidal vulnerability involves such variables as family problems and stresses that teenager experience. As a result, they tend to listen to depressive music aggravating their already problematic psychological state. In addition, there is likelihood of development of antisocial attitudes and behaviors (Hansen Hansen, 1991).Advertising We will write a custom ess ay sample on Influence of Heavy Metal Music on Adolescence (Behavior, Identity, Mood, Regulation, Psychology) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The personality characteristics, however, also matter when it comes to differences in music preferences. In addition, contrastive characteristics of heavy metal fans with nonfans also prove significant variation between these interest groups. Music preferences strongly depend on personality types. According to the studies conducted by Schwartz (2004), forceful, inhibited, sensitive adolescents with self-esteem and family rapport concern tend to listen to heavy music. The research also indicates that general percentage of adolescents listening heavy music is much higher than among those listening to other genres of music (Schwartz, 2004). Hence, admirers of heavy music have an anti-conformist way of thinking contributing to their higher self-doubts. Such teenagers are inclined to question otherà ¢â‚¬â„¢s abilities, motives, and rules; they communicate in an insensitive and blunt manner and they feel difficulties while encountering changes. With regard to these studies, heavy metal music enhances the negative experiences of adolescents, as well as aggravates their in ability to live in society with commonly shared norms and values. Listening to heavy music enables adolescents with family problems to forget about them and find comfort in emotional filling of the music. Such adolescents are usually emotional immature because of developing conflicts with parents based on their children dependence/independence. Finally, it is also suggested that heavy music reflects teenagers’ negative emotions. In particular, Schwartz (2004) states, â€Å"listening to â€Å"upsetting and protesting† and â€Å"tough and hard† music likely reflects the quality and intensity of their internal states and assuages their turbulent emotions† (p. 57). This is of increased co ncern when the performers of heavy music are almost of similar age to the audience. Detachment from society, therefore, is compensated by negatively colored music. As it has been defined earlier, group identity and status are closely associated with class distinctions shaping their personal needs, concerns, and interests. According to Firth (2007), †¦if group identity is a part of teenage culture for conventional reasons†¦then even people with an ideology of individual takes become a groups of individuals and need the symbols and friends†¦to assert themselves as a group (p. 6).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this respect, uniting groups under the influence of common music preferences, particular under the influence of heavy metal music, contributes to shaping new identities with specific personal features. Sharing common social attitudes, their behavior becomes similar and, as result, such group can develop a new sub-culture. From a historical perspective, the development of hippie movement was the result of identity formation where distinctions between the audience and the performers were blurred (Frith, 2007, p. 18.). Because the organized community ideology was based on music along, their views on life were beyond the established norms in a majority society. As a result, groups interested in heavy metal music are inspired in violent movements against social constraints. Adolescents form the major part of those movements because of their increased psychological vulnerability contribute to their aggressive behavior, anger, and rejection of existing society that disapprove of adolesc ents’ choices. While discussing on the influence of heavy music on identity formation, specific attention should also be paid to the analysis of such issues as moral relativity, hypermasculinity, and anti-establishment values. There is a strong connection between heavy music listening and adolescent experiencing psychological pressure. In this respect, music preferences reveal the needs, conflicts, and issues that constitute teenagers’ psychological portrait, involving the aspects of dependence – independence, identity, and separateness – connection. What is more important is that music choices reveal values, norms, and images forming the adolescent’s self. Within these assumptions in mind, Schwartz (2004), â€Å"†¦adolescents preferring heave music have more sympathetic views of suicide, homicide, and Satanism†¦experience psychological turmoil†¦and exhibit more anger and emotional problems†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pp. 48-49). In addition, fa ns of heavy metal express less respect for women and are more likely to be involved in criminal activities and antisocial behavior. In addition, identity formation is also carried out through fans’ affiliation to the subculture to the degree that high perception seeking is correlated with alienation from society and family. Within the analysis of three profiles, Arnett (1993) demonstrates their high sensation qualities, involvement in subculture with regard to the extent of their alienation. In conclusion, the analysis of relations between heavy metal music listening and adolescent mood, behavior, psychological state, and regulation has revealed negative evaluations mostly. In particular, adolescent behavior becomes more aggressive and less motivated. Both boys and girls are less likely to achieve high results in school; they prefer following the subculture of alienation because of family problem and friction with their peers whose outlooks on life conform to the accepted soc ial norms. Adolescents listening to heavy music have increased suicidal vulnerability because of the lower self-esteem and inability to make sense of their life. Finally, the psychological state of teenagers is largely affected by the physical construct music rather than by the overall popularity of heavy music trends. Hence, intensified and hard, rough and loud, the music enhances the negative perceptions of the world and contributes to the establishment of anti-social outlooks. Such a situation can lead to formation of specific identity groups. References Arnett, J. (1991). Heavy Metal Music and Reckless Behavior among Adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 20(6), 573-592. Arnett, J. (1993). Three Profiles of Heavy Metal Fans: A Taste for Sensation and a Subculture of Alienation. Qualitative Sociology, 16(4), 423. Frith, S. (2007). Taking Popular Music Seriously: Selected Essays. US: Ashgate Publishing. Hansen, C. H., Hansen, R. D. (1991). Constructing Personality and Soc ial Reality Through Music: Individual Differences among Fans of Punk and Heavy Metal Music. Journal of Broadcasting Electronic Media. 35(3), 335-350. Harqreaves, D., North, A. (1997). The Social Psychology of Music. US: Oxford University Press. Saarikallio, S. (2007). Music as Mood Regulation in Adolescence. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Jyvaskyla Studies in Humanities. Scheel, K. S. (1999). Heavy Metal Music and Adolescent Suicidality: An Empirical Investigation. Adolescence, 34(134), 253. Schwartz, K. (2004). Music Preferences, Personality Style, and Developmental Issues of Adolescents. Journal of Youth Ministry, 3(1), 47-64. This essay on Influence of Heavy Metal Music on Adolescence (Behavior, Identity, Mood, Regulation, Psychology) was written and submitted by user Marisa Tillman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Precious Bodily fluids essays

Precious Bodily fluids essays As a filmmaker, Stanley Kubrick was somewhat of a perfectionist who went to obsessive lengths to fulfill his artistic vision. Known for doing numerous takes of the same scene, Kubrick was committed to perfecting the image in each frame and successfully conveying its meaning. With his 1964 masterpiece, Dr. Strangelove: Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying, and Love the Bomb, Kubrick creates a satiric bombshell of nuclear war and social commentary. This film has an abundance of important scenes that convey the films overall theme through comedic dialogue and textured imagery, but one scene does a particularly exceptional job. A scene in which a ranting General Ripper unveils his bizarre motivation for the nuclear assault on Russia to the shocked Group Captain Mandrake, while fondling a smoking cigar in his mouth. I can no longer sit back and allow communist infiltration, communist indoctrination, communist subversion, and the international communist conspiracy to sap and poison all of our precious bodily fluids. The words of a nutty General Ripper, spoken maniacally by Sterling Hayden, give the viewer a better idea of what the film is all about. The dialogue is simply an exaggeration, and in many cases not an exaggeration, of the haunting thoughts plaguing the minds of Cold War America. Throughout the scene, Group Captain Mandrake, a British liaison played wonderfully by the flawless Peter Sellers, listens to Rippers ranting and tries to calm the general with little success. The dialogue alone makes the films satirical intentions clear and Kubricks simple staging and suddel imagery only deepens the connotation. Much of General Rippers insanity is shown through a close shot of his face from below. In the image we see only Rippers twisted face clenching a cig ...

Easy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Easy - Assignment Example Pizza Hut also offers nutritious menu like their Caesar Salad which has lettuce and herbed croutons. And I discovered that the ambiance depends upon the preference of the customers; if he wanted warm, then Pizza Hut is the best choice and if he wanted cool and light, then its Burger King. And I could say that indeed the crew in Pizza Hut is the best, because they even serve you in your table, unlike the self-service orientation of Burger King. With respect to price, indeed Pizza Hut is pricy. If I don’t want to feel guilty to myself, I prefer either Burger King’s Veggie Burger or Big Fish, which are nourishing. I really feel good in the Burger King’s Whopper and paired with their Oreo Sundae Shake-Chocolate. For fun with friends, I prefer Pizza Hut’s pizzas and drinks. I agree with the person #1 that McDonalds open early to cater breakfast. I would like to suggest that fast food chains should start offering nutritious menus like fish, vegetables and fruits. In person #2, I wonder if the vegetables and fruits of their salads and shakes in McDonalds are loaded with chemicals from pesticides and fertilizers. McDonalds can do better if they use organic fertilizer for their lettuce, tomatoes and other fruits. In person #3, I agree with his idea of McDonald’s ads promotion. I agree also with what he said that McDonalds and Burger King had the same pricing. However, I say, McDonalds has nutritious burgers too, like their

Router and IP Addresses Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Router and IP Addresses - Assignment Example (Ramasamy 2007). An interface is a physical connector on the router (usually connected to multiple networks) used for receiving and forwarding packets (Ramasamy 2007). Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Token Ring to Serial and ISDN ports are some examples of interfaces in a router. Each interface has its own IP address different from the other interfaces in the same router. Summation of the number of all the IP addresses of the interfaces connected to the router gives the number of IP addresses a router has. Link-state and distance-vector routing algorithms Routing algorithms, also known as routing protocols are formulas used by routers in order to determine the best and appropriate path onto which packet are to be forwarded. Besides determining the appropriate path, routing protocols also specifies how changes in the network are reported by the router to other routers in the network in addition to information sharing among the routers. Generally routing protocols are used to dynamically communicate information about all the network paths travelled in order to reach a destination. It then uses the information to select the best path to reach a destination in the network. ... It requires minimal configuration and low memory overhead. On the other hand, the link state algorithm determines best routing path by calculating the state of each link in a path and selects the path that has the lowest total metric to reach destination. It requires a higher memory footprint. Link state algorithm knows whether a link is up or down, besides the speed of the link. This enables it to accurately calculate the cost to reach a specified destination within a network. It uses speed of the links in the path as the first priority over distance as compared to distance vector algorithm. Link state algorithm would choose to travel a path with more hops but of high speed than a few hops of low speed in order to reach its destination over a network unlike the distance vector algorithm which chooses the shortest possible distance to reach a destination irrespective of the speed of the links in the paths chosen. For this reason, a link state routing algorithm is much faster than the distance vector algorithm if all the links in the network have the same speed. Distance vector algorithm would be preferable in a case where the links in the network has different speed since it employs a more direct route with fewer hops unlike the link state algorithm. Ping Command Type in the command prompt window â€Å"ping www.google.com† My IP address 192.168.0.103 Google IP address 74.125.236.178 Approximate round trip time in milliseconds Minimum=446ms Maximum=664 ms Average=536ms Trace route (tracert) Command The average round trip delay= 461.0 ms. Maximum=429 ms. Minimum=418ms .It is different from that of ping (536ms) Hops=22, Routers= 22-2(source

Close Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Close Analysis - Assignment Example es that Sir Doyle, captures in his text and uses to reveal some of the hidden facts about the lives of the characters in a way that teaches his audiences real life lessons relevant to other characters in the story and readers today. In â€Å"The Adventure of the Speckled Band† the theme of truth has appeared severally with characters showing unique reactions after learning of the real facts about their lives. Arthur Conan Doyle explains how Mrs. Helen Stone’s reacts to being told the truth of how her twin sister died. Even though we are not directly told how she learned of it, Mrs. Helen responds in a way that depicts that she hates her stepfather for hiding the truth from her. However, she trusted that she would be in London as Sherlock Holmes continues with his investigations. Moreover, when Mrs. Helen is given the information that Sherlock and Watson came to meet her stepfather, she finds out that she was followed by her father to London. This fact made Helen suspicious of her stepfather and lost confidence in him. In real life, this happens such that family members hide information from each other, occurrences that creates enmity between them once the truth comes out. The relationship between Mrs. Helen and her stepfather was undermined after Helen discovered the truth about him. Such instances have been frequent in the modern day leading to family breaking-ups. In a more spectacular way, the characters surrounding Mrs. Hellen also emphasize on the theme of truth as they hid the real cause of death of her twin sister. Though she was relieved that she came to know the truth about her sister’s death, she felt bitter that she was given the wrong information. She also came to known that the information that her stepfather used a snake to murder her sister was ironical. It made her sad especially that her stepfather killed her. â€Å"Though, of course, she is still sad to learn how her sister has been murdered by their stepfather† this text shows the reaction

The Philosophy Of Utilitarianism Philosophy Essay

The Philosophy Of Utilitarianism Philosophy Essay This paper will critically analyze Utilitarianism. The philosophy of Utilitarianism focuses on the overall outcome or result of an action. It is believed that this will manifest a greater happiness and moral benefit for society. However, Utilitarianism denies credibility to the intent behind the action but rather the end result or overall outcome. This principle was argued by philosopher John Stuart Mill. In direct opposition to the principles of Utilitarianism, lies the philosopher Immanuel Kant. Kant argues that there must be honorable intentions within an individual to manifest a greater outcome or action within society. I intend to argue that Utilitarianism is the most beneficial and influential of the two perspectives. To summarize Immanuel Kants perspective, he argues that the individual plays a highly important role in the overall happiness or virtue of society. Yet in order to reach the ultimate result or outcome, there are certain characteristics necessary to accomplish this task. In The Good Will and the Categorical Imperative, Kant refers to the materialistic pleasures of society as gifts of fortune. He stresses the importance of good will as a means to balance out our societal mistakes or immorality. Kant states that good will, corrects the influence of these on the mind and, in so doing, also corrects the whole principle of action and brings it into conformity with universal ends, (Kant, Immanuel. The Good Will and the Categorical Imperative. The Good Will. (1998). 591). He further stresses that duty plays a role in furthering the overall outcome of an action. However, the morality behind an action is the manifestation of the initial principle behind the action. He states, the moral worth o f an action does not lie in the effect expected from it and so too does not lie in any principle of action that needs to borrow its motive from the expected effect (Kant, Immanuel. The Good Will and the Categorical Imperative. The Good Will. (1998). 592). To summarize John Stuart Mills Utilitarian perspective, he argues that there is no validity or pertinence in the inclusion of intent. The most important component is the overall outcome. To obtain true happiness or virtue, there must exist a collective amount of virtuous acts. This would benefit society as a whole. In Utilitarianism, Mill argues that honorable or desirable intentions have little bearing or influence on the ultimate action. There are instances when an individual knows that the ultimate outcome will be significant and morally beneficial, but still choose the opposite path. Kant states that men, pursue sensual indulgences to the injury of health, though perfectly aware that health is the greater good (Mill, John S. Utilitarianism Chapter 2. What Utilitarianism Is. (1863). 602). He further stresses what society might experience if the Greatest happiness Principle was in effect. Mill exclaims that this is an existence exempt as far as possible from pain, and as rich as po ssible in enjoyments, both in point of quantity and quality, (Mill, John S. Utilitarianism Chapter 2. What Utilitarianism Is. (1863). 603). Mill went on to argue that in order to have a primary moral principle, there should also be an important set of principles to use it towards. Mill states, Whatever we adopt as the fundamental principle of morality, we require subordinate principles to apply it by, (Mill, John S. Utilitarianism Chapter 2. What Utilitarianism Is. (1863). 609). He concludes his argument by acknowledging that it is difficult to prove morality, and rejects Kants position that morality entirely rests with intention. Mill states, to consider the rules of morality as improvable is one thing; to pass over the intermediate generalizations entirely, and endeavor to test each individual action directly by the first principle is another, (Mill, John S. Utilitarianism Chapter 2. What Utilitarianism Is. (1863). 609). In the article called, The Ends of the Means? Kantian Ethics Vs. Utilitarianism, Erin Terrall summarizes both perspectives. Terrall makes a valuable point when stating, A Utilitarian aspect could be more appropriate for one situation; while a Kantian perspective might be better for another. If one keeps a working knowledge of both philosophies, one can look at life with a broader view, and not get too firmly entrenched in one set of beliefs, (Terrall, Erin. The Ends of the Means? Kantian Ethics Vs. Utilitarianism. (2007). It is evident that both perspectives are highly influential. There are those that spend their lives trying to improve their moral character, in order to insure a greater amount of happiness for themselves and others. Then there are those that ultimately focus on making the most profound impact possible, to pacify the need of a virtuous society. However, when both are in balance, the results can be profound for society as a whole. For example, despite the infestation of racism in the United States of America during the 1950s and 60s, Martin Luther King intended to change the tide of erroneous beliefs. He intended to and set out to educate all men on equality. Very few people could deny that he was a man driven by honorable characteristics and good will. He was compelled by his duty to mankind. His efforts to unite this nation ultimately served a greater purpose for all mankind. His outcome was irrefutably in harmony with his intent. It would be absurd to deny his influence on the virtue of society. His individual efforts made ripples in the pond of society and realigned the moral compass. So it is indeed possible that the two perspectives can be profound when they coincide. Although they are both pertinent to the overall virtue of society, I would have to give greater credibility to Utilitarianism. If Martin Luther King Jr. lacked the courage to take a stand for what was right, would African Americans have been given the right to vote in 1965? As painful as it is to say, I highly doubt it. If Martin Luther King Jr. was merely a man of many honorable intentions, would we give him a national holiday? More than likely, not. There were a multitude of people that had the most honorable of intentions, but none as great of an impact as he. This is not to discredit those who also fought for equal rights. However, no one can deny that Martin Luther King Jr. was in the forefront of this battle. The manifestation of this outcome evolved into a greater respect and understanding of all mankind, regardless of the color of their skin. This propelled and influenced even more significant outcomes of equality and civil rights in the United States. Our virtue is still a w ork in progress, but it is indeed progressing. The outcome will ultimately influence a greater degree of intent and actions. If John Stuart Mills Utilitarian perspective is as pertinent as I and he argues that it is, then idealistically, we are well on our way to living a life that is overflowing with virtue and widespread happiness. Bibliography Page Kant, Immanuel. . The Good Will and the Categorical Imperative. The Good Will. (1998). In Reason and Responsibility: Readings in Some Basic Problems of Philosophy. Fourteenth Edition, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Boston, MA, 2011, pp. 591-592. Mill, John S. Utilitarianism Chapter 2. What Utilitarianism Is. (1863). In Reason and Responsibility: Readings in Some Basic Problems of Philosophy. Fourteenth Edition, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Boston, MA, 2011, pp. 602-609. Terrall, Erin. The Ends of the Means? Kantian Ethics Vs. Utilitarianism. YahooVoices.com. YahooVoices.com., 11 May. 2007. Web. 14 April 2013. Retrieved online: http://voices.yahoo.com/the-ends-means-kantian-ethics-vs-utilitarianism-337424.html

Stowaways :: essays research papers fc

Stowaways Stowaways have been a problem to shipowners for about as long as there have been ships in the sea. In the early days of sailing ships and looser maritime legislation, this was a relatively minor problem. This probably had to due with the fact that the ships were smaller in comparison to today's standards, and were comparatively heavily crewed. Thus the chances for a stowaway to get on board and go undiscovered for any length of time were fairly small. Also in that age, the concept of "human rights" was not what it is today, and any stowaways that were found often became involuntary members of the crew. There was, therefore, little incentive to become an unpaying passenger on a merchant ship. Today, however, ships have become ever larger, the maritime world has become increasingly regulated, and the issue of stowaways has become a major problem. There are really several reasons why stowaways have become more of a problem. The real driving factor is really an economic one (Wiener). With all of the political and economic strife in the world today, there is a huge population of people who are just tired of being on the rock bottom of the economic ladder, and are desperate for a better life in a different place. This is really the basic reason why someone would want to spend a week or so crammed into a stuffy container or other similarly uncomfortable accommodations in order to get from wherever they are to somewhere else. It isn't because they just didn't have the money for a plane ticket, but it is the fact that they are being lured by the prospect of a better life. They are willing to leave their homelands and endure uncertain conditions in order to get there. There is, of course, the possibility of applying to another country, such as the United States or any other world economic superpower, for admission as an immigrant. This is a very long and difficult process, and the likelihood of actually getting in is slim. Even if it was possible, few third world citizens can actually afford transportation overseas, let alone find and afford housing, meals, and so forth, once they get there. The fact of the matter is that may desperately poor people who would like to immigrate to another country simply lack the resources to make the trip legally. Therefore, alternative measures, such as stealing rides on merchant ships, become very attractive (Wiener). Another component is the ever increasing size of today's merchant ships, coupled with the gradual decrease in the size of the crews sailing in them.

Hamlet Essay

Hamlet represents many things: tragic hero, over-thinking educated man, and poor friend. He is also a revolutionary, a philosopher, and a dreamer, and reconciling these good qualities with the bad proves as maddening for the audience as it does to Hamlet himself. However, what is often lost in the shuffle of Christian theologies in the play is the fact that nihilism as a persistent force, guiding Hamlet’s actions (or inaction, as the case may be) and serving as the catalyst for tragedy. Nihilism serves in the play as a kind of spiritual nether region into which men like Hamlet can find themselves being pulled into. It represents something that, to Hamlet and those like him, comes across as something off a salvation: it represents an opportunity to free one’s self from the need to act, and instead welcomes someone to become completely absorbed in the world of contemplation. This seems ideal for Hamlet the student, but when he is asked to take action by his spectral father, he is torn between his true nature and that which others expect of him. Unable to believe in himself, Hamlet becomes unable to believe in anything at all, which forms the crux of the play’s tragic moral dilemma. Whether Hamlet was intended to be a nihilist or the work nihilistic in nature is a question ripe for debate. According to Donald Wehrs, Placing the threat of nihilism at the heart of tragedy, Shakespeare seems to anticipate, if not inaugurate, Romantic and Modernist vocations for literature—offering literature as the site where significance after the debunking of myth and metaphysics may be reclaimed (68).† According to such a reading, one of the purposes in the narrative of Hamlet is the debunking of mythology. This would reconcile some of the odder features of the play—for instance, the very non-Catholic ghost of King Hamlet (himself seemingly a remnant from the notions of purgatory) juxtaposed with very Catholic concerns of whether Claudius will ascend to heaven or descend to hell based on the exact moment that he is killed: he can’t be killed, according to Hamlet, when he is â€Å"fit and season’d for his passage. However, Wehrs points out that nihilism is the threat, and not the goal: Hamlet’s tale is not nihilistic simply for the sake of riveting storytelling, but because it reveals that when lives unravel (as they do in all tragedies), a belief in nothingness effectively leaves nothing behind; no substance lurking behind the shroud of life. Why, then, the debunking? Why bother lampooning the absurdity of certain metaphysical notions/superstitions while still adhering to the Christian belief structure? The answer is as simple as it is striking: through the story of Hamlet, Shakespeare attempts to create a system of morality that is independent of religion of spiritual affiliation. After all, Hamlet is shown as someone torn between moralities, weighing the social responsibility of honoring his father’s request for revenge with the spiritual responsibility of avoiding bloodshed and murder. He is a man torn apart by his multitude of beliefs, not his lack of beliefs†¦the famous â€Å"to be or not to be† speech represents a descent into nihilism, but it is an abyss that he was driven into by trying to follow the often-arbitrary dictates of what is right and what is wrong. It is no coincidence that the best intentions of Hamlet consign many more souls to death than the deliberate machinations of Claudius. According Tzachi Zamir, some of Shakespeare’s tragic characters (such as Macbeth) are able to resolve nihilistic navel-gazing by virtue of action. Hamlet, on the other hand, is â€Å"more interested in escaping† (537) the physicality of the world: his philosophical nature lends itself more readily to the nihilism that he stumbles into. This is found in the â€Å"to be or not to be† speech, as Hamlet notes â€Å"With this regard their currents turn awry / And lose the name of action. † It is interesting to note that the nihilistic Hamlet causes more death and destruction than other tragic characters who have a spiritual belief structure in place: Claudius, as written above, is a cold-blooded murderer, but also a repentant man who does not let his life be consumed by forces beyond his control. Macbeth readily admits that the violent murder that begins his own tragic downfall will send him to hell, but he cannot help himself. In this spectrum of morality, Shakespeare seems to be implying that good actions can be tainted (following Aristotle’s Poetics, his tragedies almost always feature glorious characters being brought low) and bad actions can be redeemed (the counterpoint of Shakespeare’s tragedies are, of course, the comedies, in which everyone is a case of mistaken identity or two away from true love and happy marriage). Hamlet seems to perceive this on some level: â€Å"â€Å"I must be cruel, only to be kind. † The worst sin, then, becomes inaction: Hamlet’s inaction is a result of his inability to believe in anything, and it seems to clog up the very gears of Hamlet’s world: it is unsurprising, then, that the entirety of that world grinds to a halt from this disruption. Worse still, he tethers the inaction to his ability to reason, when in truth, it is only reasoning that can save one from nihilism. As Grace Matthews points out, â€Å"Hamlet, a religious young man, vacillates between faith and atheism, he becomes vulnerable to the deception that evil offers us†¦ it is only by resisting succumbing to nihilism through thinking that we can protect our spirituality and live meaningfully as a result. † Hamlet’s sin is not thinking; Hamlet’s sin is overthinking. Perhaps the most strident voice in declaring that Hamlet is a nihilist play is that of Harold Bloom. According to him, â€Å"Shakespeare invented what Nietzsche, and Dostoevsky, and others afterwards started to call nihilism. It’s a pure Shakespearean invention. † He links this rather explicitly with the character of Hamlet himself: â€Å"I’m not sure that until you have the representation you call Hamlet, that you have anywhere†¦someone who changes every time he or she speaks, and who does it by this weird thing of overhearing oneself, which I can’t find before Shakespeare.† For Bloom, the notion of Hamlet being nihilistic lies in his personal inability to create an identity for himself: his mind is tugged by reason in one direction, by honor in another direction, and by loyalty in yet another direction. As cliche as it may sound, Hamlet is unable to believe in anything else because he is unable to believe in himself. Aside from the obviously bloody consequences, how does this further the notion that Shakespeare intended this to be a negative thing—a nihilism to be avoided at all costs, instead of an existential safety blanket for individuals to hide themselves in? The answer to this is the fact that Hamlet is portrayed as less than a person throughout the entirety of the play. In point of fact, his spectral father actually displays much more personality and substance than his son does. Hamlet’s identity is in reflection: he can be a jocular young man with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, an educated conspirator with Horatio and an angered son with his mother. Without them, though, Hamlet is unable to be anyone at all. Shakespeare’s Hamlet as a play, and his Hamlet as a character, will remain the center of debate for centuries more to come. However, it is important that the discussions of fate and philosophy—the very kind that Hamlet would have delighted in at Wittenberg—do not overshadow the small things that comprise his tragedy. Shakespeare dangles both Lutheran and Catholic theology in front of both Hamlet and the viewer, but does not advocate one over the other. Rather, both serve as a warning for the only real spiritual evil: the inaction of nihilism. Ironically, it is only through the use of reasoning that one can overcome the temptation of nihilism†¦the temptation of surrendering all responsibility and simply succumbing to the ebb and flow of the tides of the world. However, through Hamlet we see that an overabundance of reasoning can actually cause this effect: if one overlaps spirituality and secular education, then everything is thrown into disarray, and the moral compass is not simply broken†¦one’s entire sense of a true moral north is thrown right out of the window. In its place is a path that can lead only to heartbreak, bloodshed, and chaos.

Ibn Khaldun Achievements and Profile

Ibn Khaldun Achievements and Profile Ibn Khaldun is an important figure in Medieval History. Key Facts Other Names: Ibn Khaldun was also known as Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman ibn Khaldun. Notable Achievements: Ibn Khaldun was noted for developing one of the earliest nonreligious philosophies of history. He is generally considered the greatest Arab historian as well as the father of sociology and the science of history. Occupations: PhilosopherWriter HistorianDiplomatTeacher Places of Residence and Influence: AfricaIberia Important Dates Born: May 27, 1332Died: March 17, 1406 (some references have 1395) Quotation Attributed to Ibn Khaldun He who finds a new path is a pathfinder, even if the trail has to be found again by others; and he who walks far ahead of his contemporaries is a leader, even though centuries pass before he is recognized as such. About Ibn Khaldun Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman ibn Khaldun  came from an illustrious family and enjoyed an excellent education in his youth. Both his parents died when the Black Death struck Tunis in 1349. At the age of 20, he was given a post at the court of Tunis and later became secretary to the sultan of Morocco in Fez. In the late 1350s, he was imprisoned for two years for suspicion of participating in a rebellion. After being released and promoted by a new ruler, he again fell out of favor, and he decided to go to Granada. Ibn Khaldun had served the Muslim ruler of Granada in Fez, and Granadas prime minister, Ibn al-Khatib, was a renowned writer and a good friend to Ibn Khaldun. A year later he was sent to Seville to conclude a peace treaty with King Pedro I of Castile, who treated him with great generosity. However, intrigue raised its ugly head and rumors were spread of his disloyalty, adversely affecting his friendship with Ibn al-Khatib. He returned to Africa, where he changed employers with unfortunate frequency and served in a variety of administrative posts. In 1375, Ibn Khaldun sought refuge from the tumultuous political sphere with the tribe of Awlad Arif. They lodged him and his family in a castle in Algeria, where he spent four years writing the  Muqaddimah.   Illness drew him back to Tunis, where he continued his writing until difficulties with the current ruler prompted him to leave once more. He moved to Egypt and eventually took a teaching post at the Quamhiyyah college in Cairo, where he later became chief judge of the Maliki rite, one of the four recognized rites of Sunnite Islam. He took his duties as judge very seriously perhaps too seriously for most of the tolerant Egyptians, and his term did not last long. During his time in Egypt, Ibn Khaldun was able to make a pilgrimage to Mecca and visit Damascus and Palestine. Except for one incident in which he was forced to participate in a palace revolt, his life there was relatively peaceful- until Timur invaded Syria. The new sultan of Egypt, Faraj, went out to meet Timur and his victorious forces, and Ibn Khaldun was among the notables he took with him. When the Mamluk army returned to Egypt, they left Ibn Khaldun in besieged Damascus. The city fell into great peril, and the city leaders began negotiations with Timur, who asked to meet Ibn Khaldun. The illustrious scholar was lowered over the city wall by ropes in order to join the conqueror. Ibn Khaldun spent nearly two months in the company of Timur, who treated him with respect. The scholar used his years of accumulated knowledge and wisdom to charm the ferocious conqueror, and when Timur asked for a description of North Africa, Ibn Khaldun gave him a complete written report. He witnessed the sack of Damascus and the burning of the great mosque, but he was able to secure safe passage from the decimated city for himself and other Egyptian civilians. On his way home from Damascus, laden with gifts from Timur, Ibn Khaldun was robbed and stripped by a band of Bedouin. With the greatest of difficulty, he made his way to the coast, where a ship belonging to the Sultan of Rum, carrying an ambassador to the sultan of Egypt, took him to Gaza. Thus he established contact with the rising Ottoman Empire. The rest of Ibn Khalduns journey and, indeed, the rest of his life was relatively uneventful. He died in 1406 and was buried in the cemetery outside one of Cairos main gates. Ibn Khalduns Writings Ibn Khalduns most significant work is the Muqaddimah. In this introduction to history, he discussed historical methods and provided the necessary criteria for distinguishing historical truth from error. The Muqaddimah is considered one of the most phenomenal works on the philosophy of history ever written. Ibn Khaldun also wrote a definitive history of Muslim North Africa, as well as an account of his eventful life in an autobiography entitled Al-tarif bi Ibn Khaldun. More Ibn Khaldun Resources Biographies Ibn Khaldun His Life and Work by M. A. EnanIbn Khaldun: Historian, Sociologist Philosopher by Nathaniel Schmidt Philosophical and Sociological Works Ibn Khaldun: An Essay in Reinterpretation (Arabic Thought and Culture) by Aziz Al-AzmehIbn Khaldun and Islamic Ideology (International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology) edited by B. LawrenceSociety, State, and Urbanism: Ibn Khalduns Sociological Thought by Fuad BaaliSocial Institutions: Ibn Khalduns Social Thought by Fuad BaaliIbn Khalduns Philosophy of History - A Study in the Philosophic Foundation of the Science of Culture by Muhsin Mahdi Works by Ibn Khaldun Muqaddimah by Ibn Khaldun; translated by Franz Rosenthal; edited by N. J. DowoodAn Arab Philosophy of History: Selections from the Prolegomena of Ibn Khaldun of Tunis (1332-1406) by Ibn Khaldun; translated by Charles Philip Issawi

Different Elements of Governance Essays

Different Elements of Governance Essays Different Elements of Governance Essay Different Elements of Governance Essay Why are there arrows flowing in both directions between the different elements of governance depicted in exhibit 3-2? The arrows represent the flow of information throughout the governance structure. There are arrows because they show the direction of the communication that there has to be between the elements of governance. What is the difference between the two areas of governance depicted in exhibit 3-3? The strategic direction is when the board is responsible for providing strategic direction and guidance relative to the establishment of key business objectives, consistent with the organizations business model and aligned with stakeholder priorities. Governance oversight focuses on the boards role in managing and monitoring the organizations operation. The difference is that strategic direction is when the board gets involved and provides guidance in order to achieve the organizations objectives, and governance oversight is when the board is actually working on managing and monitoring the organization and what they are doing to achieve the objectives. What are the three different types of stakeholders that the road must understand? Give examples of each type. Directly involved, such as customers and employees, interested such as vendors and shareholders and influence such as regulatory agencies and financial Institutions Directly Involved employees, customers, vendors. Interested employees, customers, vendors, shareholders/limestone, regulatory agencies and financial Institutions Influence shareholders/limestone, regulatory agencies and financial Institutions. What types of outcomes might a board need to insider to understand stakeholders expectations? Financial, Compliance, Operations, Strategic. PEPS Compliance Litigation, code of conduct violations Operations achievement of objectives, efficient use of assets. Strategic reputation, corporate sustainability. What role does the Internal audit function play In governance? The Internal audit activity must assess and make appropriate recommendations for Improving the governance process. The Internal audit should help and gulled the organization to achieve Its goals related to governance. It should help Improve the ethics and values of the organizations, make sure there Is an outstanding performance of management and communicate with the necessary Individuals to Improve the organizations governance process. Different Elements of Governance By sessions influence such as regulatory agencies and financial institutions Directly involved Interested employees, customers, vendors, shareholders/investors, regulatory agencies and financial institutions Influence shareholders/investors, regulatory agencies and financial institutions. What types of outcomes might a board need to Financial PEPS What role does the internal audit function play in governance? The internal audit activity must assess and make appropriate recommendations for improving the governance process. The internal audit should help and guide the organization to achieve its goals related to governance. It should help improve the ethics and values of the organizations, make sure there is an outstanding performance of management and communicate with the necessary individuals to improve the organizations

New Driving Laws in Queensland, Australia Essay

New Driving Laws in Queensland, Australia - Essay Example The essay "New Driving Laws in Queensland, Australia" talks about the relevant legislations impacting the new driving laws in Queensland, Australia, and the major provisions of the various Acts and their relevance to the issue. Drivers in Australia require a valid driver's license. Licenses from other countries may be accepted for limited stays in Australia; details vary by State. Typically, foreign licenses in English are considered valid for driving in Australia for visitors with visitor's visas. In other cases, an International Driving Permit is required, issued in your home country before arrival in Australia. Also, you are permitted to drive an American (left-hand drive) car in Australia, providing that you have the license to do so. Use of seat belts is compulsory in Australia for drivers and all vehicle passengers, and infants must be secured with approved safety capsules and harnesses. Seatbelt laws are strictly enforced, and the onus is on the driver to ensure all passengers are buckled in. Penalties apply to the driver of the vehicle and include demerit points, license suspension, and heavy fines. The road rules are strictly enforced in Australia, especially speed limits. Speed limits vary depending on road conditions, area and State. Speed limits change at regular intervals so keep an eye out for them. The road rules are strictly enforced in Australia, especially speed limits. Speed limits vary depending on road conditions, area and State. Speed limits change at regular intervals.

The Impact of Terrorism on Liberty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Impact of Terrorism on Liberty - Essay Example Yet, to be effective in the fight against terrorism, the terrorist must be well defined and the target needs to be focused. Terrorism is by its nature an act that feeds on the public's fear of violence more than it relies on the violence itself. To confront these fears we react in numerous ways to diminish the possibility of a senseless and unwarranted attack on our population. In a free society, we leave ourselves open to be penetrated and we remain perpetually at risk. Our freedom of movement, loose borders, and laws guaranteeing individual liberty place a heavy burden on the organizations the public expects to protect them from a surprise attack. To reduce the terrorist threat, it becomes necessary to erode the liberties that the same organizations are sworn to protect. This dilemma manifests itself in a debate over this tradeoff as liberty is sacrificed for security. At what point does the security become more troublesome than the fear Is the security worth the cost To sufficiently analyze the debate that surrounds this question, it is first necessary to frame the question with a well-focused definit ion of terrorism. The objectives of the terrorist must be considered as well as their motivation. ... The importance of the debate can not be overstated. The founding principles that reside in the Constitution of the United States are at stake. Freedom of speech, association, and movement become at risk as laws are enacted which silently chill the document's intentions. This slow creep into heightened security does not repeal, but rather steps on and renders meaningless the 4th Amendment. The debate is a high stakes debate and one we can not afford to get wrong. It is generally accepted that the public wants universal freedom as guaranteed by the Constitution. It is also understood that the public requires security and is willing to compromise their liberty when necessary in extreme and demanding circumstances. Determining the point that additional security is no longer worth the loss of liberty is an arduous task that is of great concern to everyone. Getting it wrong could mean the meaningless and unnecessary loss of lives or liberty. The necessary information to analyze the debate that surrounds this issue comes from a consensus viewpoint of government and international agencies as it pertains to the definition of terrorism. A recent study from the University of Chicago and other relevant academic works will be used to define the motivation of terrorism. Laws such as the Patriot Act and Homeland Security Act will be analyzed to grasp their reach. The viewpoints of the Department of Defense, Department of Justice, and State Department will be considered as well as credible opposing viewpoints. A realistic assessment that the increase in security has had on the daily lives of Americans will be considered as well as the implications it has on the future. An attempt will be made to separate the reality from the political rhetoric as the question is

Code of Conduct Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Code of Conduct - Essay Example Kennedy, Hydon and Lennie (2008) indicate that, a majority of the business leaders are well conversant with the need to put ethics into practice in the organization. In the contemporary business world, most leaders have made numerous attempts to incorporate ethics in the business. This case study shall aim at discussing how the code of conduct within organizations influences or conflict with ethics of today’s leaders. The essay shall also go beyond investigating the implications of business ethics in speeding up the successful operations of business organizations, and also use the example of Professional Code in the educational setting. Incorporation of ethics in the organizations has been credited for its ability to discourage unethical behavior in organizations. For instance, the leaders can be in a better situation to handle tough situations that may force them to breach the terms and conditions of the organizations. Organizations in today’s contemporary world are so undeniable, in such a manner that, leaders’ attention to follow up ethics is almost diminished. With the inclusion of stringent measures on ethics, the organization tends to be in an easier position to evaluate the right and wrong in the organization. ... In this perspective, therefore, the leaders must incorporate ethical behavior in the organization, in an endeavor, to eliminate the chances that, unethical behavior is likely to stamp it implications on the organization. According to Cane and Kritzer (2010), if unethical behaviors are not detected and eliminated with immediate effect, they are likely to derail the progress of an organization. Code of conducts in this case, influence today’s leaders to maintain the ethical behaviors within an organization. The leaders are also influenced to ensure that, they positively impact their organizations on the importance of the employees to follow the codes of conduct. It is important that, according to Cane and Kritzer (2010), organizations make it clear that, organizations to operate within the confines of the codes of conduct. It is, therefore, defensible to argue that, codes of conduct influence leaders to at all times, ensure that constructive and ethical culture thrives in the or ganizations. In the case of the organization, the leaders attest to the fact that, it is unethical to collect bribes whilst on duty. The leaders are influenced by the fact that, the definitions of good and bad are well stipulated in the codes of ethics. Vices such as nepotism, corruption are eliminated by the inclusion of codes of ethics in the organization. A leader, who is of good morals is motivated to ensure that the employees work in tandem with the code of conduct, thus their values of good virtue are boosted. Deckop (2006) indicates that, unethical behavior is the major malady that may impact the organization’s functionality. Code of Professional Practice in the Educational Sector In the educational sector, the Code of Professional Practice applies to all instructors in the confines

Macromedia DreamWeaver Essay Example for Free

Macromedia DreamWeaver Essay After hearing the talk with John Burton a Director from the Varndean e-learning company. I have learnt that Varndean if a fairly small company compared to other large manufactures. Johns Role in Varndean e-Learning is a shared one. As the company is a relatively small one they all share roles. But John writes interactive Learning materials (such as the one we are working from) He also has a small role with finances, but his main role is working with selling the product. John will try to sell his programs in many ways. They include Websites, where the customers can view screenshots of the product and order a CD for more information, or they can actually buy the product its self. Varndean also run large marketing campaigns, they have a huge database of all the schools in the country. They use this to help distribute letters to or leaflets or any other way of selling their products. Also they invite them to a seminar where thy can show them the products in far more detail. To accomplish all this the company would have to use different software and hardware. Without the use of some software there is no way they could produce enough letters to distribute letters between thousands of schools. Also with out such web authoring tools such as Macromedia Dreamweaver no way could they make their websites. Also Microsoft exel and access keeping databases of all the schools addresses. With out software and hardware there is no way the sales department at Varndean could hold its ground well. Also Varndean and nearly all company little or large use email. John says, they receive 10-15 emails a day asking for more detail or information about their programs. So without hardware and software the sales department probably would work. Here is a list of all the things that makes this company work. Purchasing Deparment Another director at Varndean e-Learning is Andy Legget. He is more concerned with the purchasing department. His job can be as small as buying paper clips or paper for the printer or to buy 2 servers to power a website and an office from. They make all their purchases using a company bank account. They use debit cards quite a lot because they purchase a lot of equipment over the Internet. (Especially from the U. S) All of the suppliers that are purchased from are recorded in a SAGE instant account package. They keep track of who the suppliers are what weve bought from them. By listening to Andy talk about the purchasing department I know that the purchasing department have:   PCS An internet Connection AGE Instant Accounts   They Work from there office in the Varndean company building hey use 1 server to power there Network They use 1 server to run their website from As Andy doesnt give a list of hardware or software he uses it is hard to see what equipment they use. So by reading what he says I can think that the Purchasing department runs on 2 servers. One run their website and the other powers the network. They use the Sage Instant accounts package, using this they can track their suppliers. Also we know that they use a Debit card to pay for things over the Internet. Andy and his purchasing department staff would normally work in a office, here the advantage of ICT is shown as they use it to their advantage, without it they would not be able to surf the web and buy the products needed to make the purchasing department useful. With ICT the purchasing department can run a lot more quicker, smoother and efficient. Also with the aid of ict they can communicate with other companies Via email and other software, E. g. Msn Messenger, AOL Instant messenger. The Finances Department The Finances runs mainly on the use of ICT, the use of ICT in the Finances department is absolutely vital, they use it to follow the accounts, money coming in, and money coming out. This software allows them to keep track of any money due in and at the same time keep control of the amount of money being spent by the purchasing department. Once again all of the software and hardware and probably used in a designated office or set of rooms. They would have to use broadband to be quicker and carry out tasks faster. Individuals in the Finances department are given a great advantage over other rival companies who have no ICT. With out it they would have to use pen and paper and search through catalogues. Not only would this take much longer, less efficient and harder to get information on the items and users. At Varndean the 2 main people that control the Finances department are John and Sue. They send out invoices and inform people of the amount of the days they have left to pay, this will tart from 30 days, With the use of SAGE instant accounts package they can follow their customers or buyes around the world and follow there bank accounts. In this their details like Name, address and other contacts details are stored. Another piece of software used is the BACS this is an electronic system that can send any money straight the there bank account. The last main piece of software used is the SAGE payroll. Each month either Sue or John will enter the details of the workers at varndean. This then (Every 3 weeks) will automate print out each check for each worker. Once again the Finances department would use Macromedia DreamWeaver to create websites to distribute information on their products. Also from the internet they can communicate with other companies and also search the web for the purchasing department to buy. They get information from forums and the products website. Operations Department The Operations department is run by Andy, this is the part of the company which creates the products and creates the websites. To create the software they sell, they need to first use several pieces of hardware to create it, for example there software includes Video, so to get this video they need to use a Digital Camcorder to record images, they then upload it to their computers then with the use of ICT they can edit what they have recorder and place them into their software. Operations department is mainly in control of the creating of the software and websites.

Improve The Quality Of Basic Education Education Essay

Improve The Quality Of Basic Education Education Essay On the first day of Christmas my true love sent to me Christmas is the season of sharing. In this event, we often give gifts to our family, relatives, friends and other people close to our hearts. We also receive gifts from them. But what is the best gift our true love would give to us? Most of the time, our parents would say that we should study hard because education is the only thing they could give to us. That is the reason why our parents are working hard, to give us education, because it is the most important gift we could have. It is a powerful tool that would help us a lot in dealing with everyday situations. A gift one cannot steal away from us and a tool money cannot afford to buy. We could not easily get it anywhere, it is something we should earn and achieve. The attainment of education is like setting up a Christmas tree, it takes time and we should exert extra effort and determination to achieve it. We deserve to have the best gift. We are worthy to have a quality tool. Our country needs to strengthen the very foundation of education- basic education. But how could we have the best gift? How could we improve the quality of basic education? Basic education, as Ive said earlier, is the very foundation of education. It is where one will spend his developing years and it is important to spend it in a quality system. It is the preparatory stage for higher education. That is why I am happy to promote adding two years in basic education (primary and secondary level of education). In this proposal, we would have additional one year for elementary (Grade 7) and another for secondary (5th Year) in public schools. Let me discuss some issues about this system. First, we would have a better quality of basic education. Because of two additional years, there is more time for learning. In this new and better system, we are not speeding up and cramming the span of time we could learn, but we are widening it to give space for new subjects and improved curriculum. In this system, the quality would be improved by rationalizing the contents of present subjects and by adding new subjects timely needed by the students. We cannot deny the fact that there is a necessity for us to improve basic education. We would have more time in learning and we are not going too fast unprepared. We would have improved curriculum and subject contents. Second, this proposal aims to promote the welfare of our struggling brothers and sisters. If this proposal is not for them then why the recommendation is adding two more years in basic education? According to The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, Article XIV, Section 2, Number 2, The State shall establish and maintain a system of free public education in the elementary and high school levels. So, why not establish two more years in pre-university education? The state would not have any responsibility to pre-university education, by the way. It is because the government is really trying its best to serve the people. Yes, this proposal may have an effect to our countrymen, but it is worth the perseverance and hard work. It is not intended to give them another burden, but it aims to improve their lives. Only incidental costs like transportation and food allowance are the concerns of the families, because basic education is free. And to address these concerns, the government is reall y willing to help them through conditional cash transfers wherein underprivileged families would get a subsidy from the government with due respect to latters conditions. Third, this proposal would lift the burden given to universities and colleges. According to Edilberto C. de Jesus of Philippine Daily Inquirer, Our own Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and the Philippine Task Force on Education conceded that the 10-year basic education cycle poses problems for our tertiary institutions and their graduates. In college, there are minor subjects and this is the result of problems in basic education. Instead of having the more important subjects in college, the college students still need to comply with minor subjects. Let us put De La Salle University -Dasmarià ±as (DLSU-D) as an example. In DLSU-D, we need to take basic English, Filipino, Math, Science, and Physical Education subjects. Well in fact, we could have these subjects in the additional years of proposed basic education system. Now, there is more time for them to focus on the subjects of their chosen fields. The problem caused by the present system would be addressed properly and not sho uldered by tertiary institutions and the students. Fourth, after graduation, the students would be in working age. Let us do the math. Sixteen years old, which is the typical age of students after high school graduation, plus 2 years from the proposal is equal to 18 years of age, the working age! This good intended effect would greatly influence the job requirement set by the majority of companies to job applicants. Usually, the job requirement is at least in second year college. But with this proposal, the scenario would change. Since the students would graduate at 18, the minimum employment requirement would be at least a high school graduate. Thus, this proposal is really beneficial to the graduates of new basic education system and those who plan or need to work right after high school due to certain circumstances. Fifth, this proposal is really practical. The proposal is a step by step process. It would take some time to have its full effect. The implementation of this new system would be every year. The Grade 1 students would have the new system and improved curriculum. After the succeeding year both Grades 1 and 2, would have the system. After another year Grades 1, 2 and 3 would have it, so on and so forth, until it would have its full effect up to 5th Year high school students. Why I do say this proposal is practical? This proposal is practical because there is no immediate need for the funds, Grade 7 and 5th year students are non-existent during the first six years and eleven years of implementation. Since, the proposal would take some time; the government still has the capacity to address different problems we have in our present system. The government would have the time in preparing for implementation years of improved basic education system. There is enough measure to solve the proble ms like lack of classroom, books, teachers, public schools and also the issue of dropout rate. There is enough time for us! We could build the classrooms and additional schools needed, train the teachers efficiently and process enough learning materials. It is worth the patience for the betterment of basic education system. Last, this proposal would let the system comply with international standards of education. According again to Edilberto C. de Jesus of Philippine Daily Inquirer, In 2009, Education Committee of Unescos Philippine National Commission noted that among 155 Unesco member countries, only Djibouti, Angola and the Philippines still fall below what has become the international norm. This is an issue we need to address because there is an arising concern for our Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs). Our Filipino graduates are deterred by our present system with 10 year basic education system. Their global competence is at risk because other countries do not acknowledge the degrees that our graduates attained. If other countries would stop or doubt employing our OFWs, it would have a huge negative impact in our present economic condition. So, this proposal would help our countrys economy to grow continually and/or to be stable. By complying with global standards, the employment chances would incr ease for our OFWs and other Filipino professionals which would mutually benefit our economy and countrymen. Having two additional years in basic education is idealistic but it is really workable. Education is the most important gift could have. But we deserve to have best gift. We are worthy to have a quality tool. We need to strengthen the very foundation of our country through this plan which aimed to solve the arising problems from our present basic education system. The implementation of this plan would take some time like setting up a Christmas tree, we would have a hard time arranging and decorating it but after we are done, we would see its real beauty, we would feast our eyes with its glittering lights and we could say that it is worth it. We could always start doing something for the betterment of our education sector. Waiting for the progress to come by addressing the problems of present system is good. But it is better to take some practical actions to solve these problems while waiting. We could, we would and we should have the best and quality education. At the end of the day, this blessing would be achieved. That is why I am happy to propose adding two years in basic education.